{"id":"https://openalex.org/W328608320","doi":null,"title":"Comparing the Personal Development Test Scores against GPA, GRADE, and AGE of Typical High School Students","display_name":"Comparing the Personal Development Test Scores against GPA, GRADE, and AGE of Typical High School Students","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W328608320","mag":"328608320"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:328608320","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-84667403/comparing-the-personal-development-test-scores-against","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764764382","display_name":"Journal of instructional psychology","issn_l":"0094-1956","issn":["0094-1956"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of instructional psychology","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072211072","display_name":"Donald F. DeMoulin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donald F. DeMoulin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Robert J. Walsh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3894-4598","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3894-4598"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert J. Walsh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3894-4598","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"1","first_page":"22","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12848","display_name":"Psychological Testing and Assessment","score":0.3962000012397766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12848","display_name":"Psychological Testing and Assessment","score":0.3962000012397766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.10480000078678131,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11040","display_name":"Personality Traits and Psychology","score":0.07039999961853027,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personal-development","display_name":"human development","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grade-point-average","display_name":"grade point average","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-achievement","display_name":"academic performance","score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-integration","display_name":"social integration","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personal-maturity","display_name":"personal maturity","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secondary-school-students","display_name":"high school students","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-differences","display_name":"age differences","score":0.3840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grade-level","display_name":"grade level","score":0.31700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-functioning","display_name":"global functioning","score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-achievement-predictors","display_name":"student achievement predictors","score":0.3109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-adjustment","display_name":"academic adjustment","score":0.37400001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-confidence","display_name":"self-confidence","score":0.3179999887943268}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6723552346229553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5550894737243652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101433766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3543263","display_name":"Maturity (psychological)","level":2,"score":0.45109933614730835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.4308792054653168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173633133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw score","level":3,"score":0.42204582691192627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.4094562232494354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.3895148038864136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.34651172161102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3445272445678711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24354633688926697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.1268470585346222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:328608320","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-84667403/comparing-the-personal-development-test-scores-against","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764764382","display_name":"Journal of instructional psychology","issn_l":"0094-1956","issn":["0094-1956"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of instructional psychology","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6164000034332275,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W230119084","https://openalex.org/W340922692","https://openalex.org/W336804855","https://openalex.org/W22303317","https://openalex.org/W76827828","https://openalex.org/W102074875","https://openalex.org/W154709745","https://openalex.org/W1973971604","https://openalex.org/W253696344","https://openalex.org/W1980506483"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,46,62,97,317,418],"Personal":[1,71,266,318,331,386,454,485],"Development":[2,267,319,387,455],"Test":[3,320],"(PDT)":[4,321],"(2001)":[5],"is":[6,31,219,494,544,558],"designed":[7],"to":[8,69,86,118,163,355,364,472,482,586],"assess":[9],"the":[10,27,34,37,58,74,78,82,91,101,141,178,199,211,230,244,247,251,255,260,286,289,293,312,324,328,340,344,352,356,360,379,440,449,475,497,504,513,531,537,547,561,565,582],"personal":[11,248,257,514,556],"development":[12,249,258,515,557],"of":[13,20,36,40,43,57,65,125,131,186,198,214,225,246,250,307,327,343,359,382,443,448,463,507,516,530,539,564,576],"individuals,":[14],"and":[15,81,127,137,157,181,268,288,362,388,403,552],"as":[16,24,189,298,474],"a":[17,107,122,128,173,203,279,374,396,414],"meaningful":[18],"index":[19],"one's":[21],"Global":[22],"Functioning":[23],"described":[25],"in":[26,55,77,110,114,140,191,240,271,300,323,413,422,430,453,499,509,519,525,536,549,560,574,579,589],"DSM-IV":[28],"(1994).":[29],"It":[30,143,218,493],"structured":[32],"on":[33,243,285,316,351],"basis":[35,245],"Dewey":[38,79],"definition":[39],"democracy--the":[41],"interdependence":[92],"independent":[44],"individuals.":[45],"200":[47],"true/false":[48],"type":[49],"items":[50],"are":[51,420],"distributed":[52],"with":[53,121,254,339,366,371,469,484,568,571],"25":[54],"each":[56],"8":[59],"part":[60,242,314,358,521,563],"scores.":[61],"first":[63,325],"four":[64,84,313],"those":[66],"scores":[67,180,201,284,315,350,402,428,451,480],"seek":[68],"measure":[70,87],"Maturity":[72,332,486],"for":[73,90,222,235,292,405],"independence":[75],"element":[76],"definition,":[80],"second":[83,357,562],"parts":[85],"Social":[88,431],"Integration":[89,432],"one.":[93],"**********":[94],"Group":[95],"Involved":[96],"292":[98,294,308,345,406,532],"individuals":[99],"taking":[100],"test":[102,329],"were":[103,134,457,534],"typical":[104],"students":[105,188,228,237,311,466,476,508,517,533],"from":[106,116,410,496,546,584],"high":[108,159,226,309,346,416,464,526],"school":[109,160,227,310,347,465],"Tennessee.":[111],"They":[112],"ranged":[113],"age":[115,124],"14.00":[117],"20.00":[119],"years,":[120],"mean":[123],"16.26,":[126],"standard":[129],"deviation":[130],"1.287.":[132],"There":[133],"171":[135],"females,":[136],"121":[138],"males":[139],"group.":[142],"included":[144,322,429,452],"50":[145],"9th":[146],"graders,":[147,150,153,156],"65":[148],"10th":[149],"28":[151],"11th":[152],"145":[154,529],"12th":[155],"4":[158],"graduates.":[161],"Relation":[162],"Grade":[164,182,231,262,291],"Point":[165,183,232,263],"Average":[166,184,233,264],"A":[167,273,390],"Multiple":[168,204,274,391,437],"Linear":[169,275,392],"Regression":[170,276,393],"Analysis":[171,277,394],"using":[172,278,395],"constant":[174,280,397],"was":[175,207,238,281,398],"computed":[176,282,399],"against":[177,283,400],"PDT":[179,200,287,353,401,427,450,566],"(GPA)":[185,234],"all":[187,411],"depicted":[190,299,421],"Table":[192,301,423,500],"I":[193],"below.":[194,303,425],"All":[195,349,426],"different":[196],"combinations":[197],"yielded":[202],"R":[205],"that":[206,221,229,503,512,554],"statistically":[208,375,435,458],"significant":[209,337,376,436],"at":[210,378,439],"01":[212,380,441],"level":[213,381,442],"confidence":[215,383,444],"or":[216,384,445,588],"better.":[217,385,446],"clear":[220,495,545],"this":[223,305,461,510],"group":[224,306,462],"these":[236],"determined":[239,522],"large":[241,520],"students.":[252,348],"Students":[253,297,409],"better":[256],"received":[259],"higher":[261],"(GPA).":[265],"Student":[269],"GRADE":[270,342],"School":[272,296,408],"present":[290,341],"High":[295,407],"2":[302,551],"For":[304,460],"half":[326],"measuring":[330],"(PERMAT)":[333,487],"showed":[334,373],"no":[335],"statistical":[336],"relationship":[338,377],"related":[354],"PDT,":[361],"having":[363,481],"do":[365,483],"social":[367],"integration":[368],"(getting":[369],"along":[370,468,570],"people)":[372],"AGE":[389],"Age":[404],"grades":[412,583],"Tennessee":[415],"school.":[417,527],"results":[419],"3":[424,553],"(SOCINT)":[433],"obtained":[434],"Rs":[438],"Non":[447],"(PERDEV)":[456],"significant.":[459],"getting":[569],"people":[470],"tended":[471],"improve":[473],"grew":[477],"older;":[478],"while":[479],"did":[488],"not":[489,573],"change":[490],"significantly.":[491],"Discussion":[492],"data":[498,548],"1":[501],"above":[502],"general":[505],"effectiveness":[506],"study":[511],"involved":[518],"their":[523,540,555],"success":[524],"Since":[528],"seniors":[535],"beginning":[538],"graduating":[541],"year,":[542],"it":[543],"Tables":[550],"largely":[559],"dealing":[567],"people;":[572],"terms":[575],"information":[577],"gained":[578],"going":[580],"through":[581],"freshman":[585],"senior,":[587],"growing":[590],"older.":[591],"\u2026":[592]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-01T08:54:57.152042","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}