{"id":"https://openalex.org/W32706388","doi":null,"title":"How accurate are lexile text measures?","display_name":"How accurate are lexile text measures?","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W32706388","mag":"32706388","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16807496"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:16807496","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16807496","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of applied measurement","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029479510","display_name":"A. Jackson Stenner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6648-9895","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6648-9895"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106763","display_name":"MetaMetrics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01m1p2k59","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106763"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A Jackson Stenner","raw_affiliation_strings":["MetaMetrics, Inc., 1000 Park Forty Plaza Drive, Suite 120, Durham, NC 27713, USA. jstenner@lexile.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MetaMetrics, Inc., 1000 Park Forty Plaza Drive, Suite 120, Durham, NC 27713, USA. jstenner@lexile.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106763"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hal Burdick","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hal Burdick","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039214615","display_name":"Eleanor E. Sanford","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eleanor E Sanford","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109151705","display_name":"Donald S. Burdick","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donald S Burdick","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.0317,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":110,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98496848,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"3","first_page":"307","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.7304999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.7304999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.22360000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.009700000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/readability","display_name":"readability","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-comprehension","display_name":"reading comprehension","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-error","display_name":"measurement error","score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-error-estimation","display_name":"standard error estimation","score":0.6069999933242798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778143727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820650","display_name":"Readability","level":2,"score":0.890802800655365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.6675452589988708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6501469016075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778780117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3269423","display_name":"Reading comprehension","level":3,"score":0.61359703540802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.5867466926574707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.49644118547439575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.49595770239830017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18747219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620994","display_name":"Standard error","level":2,"score":0.43622586131095886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4224085211753845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780310539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12547192","display_name":"Imperfect","level":2,"score":0.4182872772216797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3732955753803253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3651005029678345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.25660544633865356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.19352936744689941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.18814563751220703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011594","descriptor_name":"Psychometrics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011932","descriptor_name":"Reading","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015206","descriptor_name":"Southwestern United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D032882","descriptor_name":"Comprehension","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:16807496","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16807496","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of applied measurement","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:32706388","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16807496","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4299297499"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099153338","https://openalex.org/W2505723163","https://openalex.org/W1699782693","https://openalex.org/W1967629417","https://openalex.org/W1496972067","https://openalex.org/W2782433282","https://openalex.org/W3148610599","https://openalex.org/W2436915361","https://openalex.org/W2314589280","https://openalex.org/W7100119926"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,55],"Lexile":[1,43,53,91],"Framework":[2],"for":[3,67,80],"Reading":[4],"models":[5],"comprehension":[6,20,102],"as":[7],"the":[8,52,90,96],"difference":[9],"between":[10],"a":[11,15,68],"reader":[12,26,110],"measure":[13],"and":[14,28,112],"text":[16,31,40,44,116],"measure.":[17],"Uncertainty":[18],"in":[19,25,30,39,95,100,109,115],"rates":[21,103],"results":[22],"from":[23],"unreliability":[24],"measures":[27,45],"inaccuracy":[29],"readability":[32],"measures.":[33,41],"Whole-text":[34],"processing":[35],"eliminates":[36],"sampling":[37],"error":[38],"However,":[42],"are":[46,87,104],"imperfect":[47],"due":[48,106],"to":[49,84,107],"misspecification":[50,62],"of":[51],"theory.":[54],"standard":[56,78],"deviation":[57],"component":[58],"associated":[59],"with":[60,93],"theory":[61],"is":[63,76],"estimated":[64],"at":[65],"64L":[66],"standard-length":[69],"passage":[70],"(approximately":[71],"125":[72],"words).":[73],"A":[74],"consequence":[75],"that":[77],"errors":[79],"longer":[81],"texts":[82],"(2,500":[83],"150,000":[85],"words)":[86],"measured":[88],"on":[89],"scale":[92],"uncertainties":[94],"single":[97],"digits.":[98],"Uncertainties":[99],"expected":[101],"largely":[105],"imprecision":[108],"ability":[111],"not":[113],"inaccuracies":[114],"readabilities.":[117]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}