{"id":"https://openalex.org/W32288964","doi":null,"title":"The refuge concept in insect resistance management : its history and future application in South Africa","display_name":"The refuge concept in insect resistance management : its history and future application in South Africa","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W32288964","mag":"32288964"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.944.854","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.944.854","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://dspace.nwu.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10394/9168/Gouws_M.pdf%3Bjsessionid%3D75A9ACA6E8E7FE4C9D362311C1898658?sequence%3D1","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008524880","display_name":"Marijke Gouws","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marijke Gouws","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008524880"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.105,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.39486113,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11075","display_name":"Insect Resistance and Genetics","score":0.9653000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11075","display_name":"Insect Resistance and Genetics","score":0.9653000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11426","display_name":"Genetically Modified Organisms Research","score":0.03370000049471855,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10135","display_name":"Insect-Plant Interactions and Control","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refuge-strategy","display_name":"refuge strategy","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insect-resistance-management","display_name":"insect resistance management","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bt-crops","display_name":"Bt crops","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bacillus-thuringiensis","display_name":"Bacillus thuringiensis","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cry-genes","display_name":"cry genes","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insecticide-resistance","display_name":"insecticide resistance","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-dose-refuge-strategy","display_name":"high-dose/refuge strategy","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bt-maize","display_name":"Bt maize","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/south-africa","display_name":"South Africa","score":0.6510000228881836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57473165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315604","display_name":"Resistance (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.6421322822570801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.4175729751586914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.33291226625442505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.2800436317920685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.22864356637001038}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.944.854","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.944.854","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://dspace.nwu.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10394/9168/Gouws_M.pdf%3Bjsessionid%3D75A9ACA6E8E7FE4C9D362311C1898658?sequence%3D1","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:32288964","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dspace.nwu.ac.za/bitstream/10394/9168/1/Gouws_M.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.9208999872207642,"display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":106,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W62612794","https://openalex.org/W145559353","https://openalex.org/W196043748","https://openalex.org/W221089616","https://openalex.org/W224097511","https://openalex.org/W975002143","https://openalex.org/W1463869103","https://openalex.org/W1480942768","https://openalex.org/W1494314416","https://openalex.org/W1514568537","https://openalex.org/W1519136326","https://openalex.org/W1570945664","https://openalex.org/W1601160639","https://openalex.org/W1608689527","https://openalex.org/W1776033307","https://openalex.org/W1971096185","https://openalex.org/W1974261846","https://openalex.org/W1974910106","https://openalex.org/W1977192739","https://openalex.org/W1984027002","https://openalex.org/W1984489298","https://openalex.org/W1997420207","https://openalex.org/W1998909480","https://openalex.org/W1999793922","https://openalex.org/W2000062638","https://openalex.org/W2014124488","https://openalex.org/W2022591405","https://openalex.org/W2024098896","https://openalex.org/W2025692296","https://openalex.org/W2031417661","https://openalex.org/W2032695370","https://openalex.org/W2037692204","https://openalex.org/W2038253008","https://openalex.org/W2044340067","https://openalex.org/W2046805957","https://openalex.org/W2047586751","https://openalex.org/W2048353806","https://openalex.org/W2049265150","https://openalex.org/W2050845001","https://openalex.org/W2055653675","https://openalex.org/W2055734381","https://openalex.org/W2063390884","https://openalex.org/W2064825320","https://openalex.org/W2067931145","https://openalex.org/W2075534771","https://openalex.org/W2083013980","https://openalex.org/W2083284241","https://openalex.org/W2083386197","https://openalex.org/W2085325778","https://openalex.org/W2087760470","https://openalex.org/W2090091975","https://openalex.org/W2091162912","https://openalex.org/W2098634155","https://openalex.org/W2098807084","https://openalex.org/W2099387494","https://openalex.org/W2099454325","https://openalex.org/W2099985023","https://openalex.org/W2101855143","https://openalex.org/W2105456599","https://openalex.org/W2111238410","https://openalex.org/W2111293707","https://openalex.org/W2111940933","https://openalex.org/W2114034340","https://openalex.org/W2114574703","https://openalex.org/W2116614622","https://openalex.org/W2117246025","https://openalex.org/W2117695165","https://openalex.org/W2118689166","https://openalex.org/W2120395741","https://openalex.org/W2120418844","https://openalex.org/W2121503457","https://openalex.org/W2122707110","https://openalex.org/W2123548738","https://openalex.org/W2124780306","https://openalex.org/W2125761499","https://openalex.org/W2127589172","https://openalex.org/W2128617645","https://openalex.org/W2134365322","https://openalex.org/W2136286240","https://openalex.org/W2136431784","https://openalex.org/W2139530641","https://openalex.org/W2156114416","https://openalex.org/W2158381181","https://openalex.org/W2170702161","https://openalex.org/W2172983170","https://openalex.org/W2174099910","https://openalex.org/W2177818451","https://openalex.org/W2179601268","https://openalex.org/W2187877234","https://openalex.org/W2203855968","https://openalex.org/W2205533573","https://openalex.org/W2211856036","https://openalex.org/W2241365019","https://openalex.org/W2244373335","https://openalex.org/W2309054365","https://openalex.org/W2326088077","https://openalex.org/W2326751036","https://openalex.org/W2326756812","https://openalex.org/W2326804172","https://openalex.org/W2332781094","https://openalex.org/W2335026388","https://openalex.org/W2405284446","https://openalex.org/W2406894888","https://openalex.org/W2460854291","https://openalex.org/W2476237405","https://openalex.org/W2504044730"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2122707110","https://openalex.org/W2105456599","https://openalex.org/W2588083272","https://openalex.org/W1503331381","https://openalex.org/W2139530641","https://openalex.org/W2291221417","https://openalex.org/W169393236","https://openalex.org/W2019426177","https://openalex.org/W2048353806","https://openalex.org/W2098970537"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Genetically":[0],"modified":[1],"(GM)":[2],"crops":[3,47,166],"developed":[4],"for":[5],"insect":[6,29,80],"control":[7],"express":[8],"cry":[9],"genes":[10,18],"from":[11],"the":[12,26,33,40,49,65,72,78,90,105,124,132,135,139,149,156,171],"bacterium":[13],"Bacillus":[14],"thuringiensis":[15],"(Bt).":[16],"These":[17],"produce":[19,101],"target":[20,53,136],"specific":[21],"insecticidal":[22,45],"proteins":[23],"that":[24,100,123,146],"protect":[25],"plant":[27],"against":[28],"pest":[30,54,137,144],"attacks":[31],"throughout":[32,89],"growing":[34],"season.":[35],"The":[36,92,117],"largest":[37],"threat":[38],"to":[39,63,114,164],"continued":[41],"success":[42],"of":[43,52,67,104,127,134,161],"these":[44,70],"GM":[46],"is":[48,86,122],"potential":[50],"development":[51,66,163],"resistance.":[55,68],"Models":[56],"and":[57,85,107,151],"theories":[58],"suggested":[59],"several":[60],"possible":[61],"strategies":[62,71],"delay":[64],"Of":[69],"high-dose/refuge":[73,93],"strategy":[74,94,121],"was":[75],"selected":[76],"as":[77],"optimal":[79],"resistance":[81,162],"management":[82],"(IRM)":[83],"option":[84],"currently":[87],"implemented":[88],"world.":[91],"comprises":[95],"planting":[96],"Bt":[97,157,165],"maize":[98],"plants":[99,109],"high":[102,125],"doses":[103],"toxin":[106,128],"non-Bt":[108],"(refugia)":[110],"in":[111],"close":[112],"proximity":[113],"one":[115],"another.":[116],"theory":[118],"behind":[119],"this":[120],"dose":[126],"kills":[129],"nearly":[130],"all":[131],"individuals":[133,145],"while":[138],"refuge":[140,172],"area":[141],"sustains":[142],"susceptible":[143],"survive":[147],"on":[148,155],"crop":[150],"mate":[152],"with":[153],"survivors":[154],"crop.":[158],"Recent":[159],"reports":[160],"has":[167],"raised":[168],"questions":[169],"about":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}