{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3216414865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.442390","title":"Spread spectrum ghost imaging","display_name":"Spread spectrum ghost imaging","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3216414865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.442390","mag":"3216414865"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1364/oe.442390","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.442390","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.442390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178776955","display_name":"Optics Express","issn_l":"1094-4087","issn":["1094-4087"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.442390","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102416210","display_name":"Jinfen Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9567-085X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9567-085X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405280004","display_name":"Pujiang Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/029vc9344","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134687103","https://openalex.org/I4405280004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinfen Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Signal Processing and Transmission, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT)","NanJing Tech University Pujiang Institute","Institute of Signal Processing and Transmission, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT); NanJing Tech University Pujiang Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Signal Processing and Transmission, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NanJing Tech University Pujiang Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405280004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Signal Processing and Transmission, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT); NanJing Tech University Pujiang Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531","https://openalex.org/I4405280004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100350783","display_name":"Le Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0967-2503","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0967-2503"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Le Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Signal Processing and Transmission, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Signal Processing and Transmission, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086320549","display_name":"Shengmei Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9859-5425","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9859-5425"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengmei Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Signal Processing and Transmission, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT)","Key Lab of Broadband Wireless Communication and Sensor Network Technology (NUPT)","Institute of Signal Processing and Transmission, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT); Key Lab of Broadband Wireless Communication and Sensor Network Technology (NUPT)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Signal Processing and Transmission, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Lab of Broadband Wireless Communication and Sensor Network Technology (NUPT)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Signal Processing and Transmission, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT); Key Lab of Broadband Wireless Communication and Sensor Network Technology (NUPT)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2270,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2270},"apc_paid":{"value":2270,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2270},"fwci":0.8354,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6574922,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"25","first_page":"41485","last_page":"41485"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11996","display_name":"Random lasers and scattering media","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11996","display_name":"Random lasers and scattering media","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ghost-imaging","display_name":"ghost imaging","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spread-spectrum","display_name":"spread spectrum","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speckle-patterns","display_name":"speckle patterns","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-robustness","display_name":"noise robustness","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-reconstruction","display_name":"image reconstruction","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bucket-detector","display_name":"bucket detector","score":0.5640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlocality","display_name":"nonlocality","score":0.4269999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776646148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12367738","display_name":"Ghost imaging","level":2,"score":0.9313324093818665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102290492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575045","display_name":"Speckle pattern","level":2,"score":0.7704764008522034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180940675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575045","display_name":"Speckle noise","level":3,"score":0.6972285509109497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.6486274003982544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.6118241548538208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6071860790252686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.5467804670333862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5428414940834045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105344744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q958957","display_name":"Spread spectrum","level":3,"score":0.5332581400871277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99507719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504755","display_name":"Speckle imaging","level":3,"score":0.48507848381996155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.47740688920021057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.45940250158309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.4506363272666931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.44360679388046265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100921725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1650811","display_name":"Spatial frequency","level":2,"score":0.435243159532547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.43326711654663086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4177539050579071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.29585039615631104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.21646329760551453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47696715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233394","display_name":"Code division multiple access","level":2,"score":0.17826834321022034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.17513418197631836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1364/oe.442390","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.442390","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.442390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178776955","display_name":"Optics Express","issn_l":"1094-4087","issn":["1094-4087"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics Express","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1364/oe.442390","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.442390","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.442390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178776955","display_name":"Optics Express","issn_l":"1094-4087","issn":["1094-4087"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4289072425","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62001249","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4922361647","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20KJB510030","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335440","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Research of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6516375005","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u79fb\u4f4dMIMO\u201c\u9b3c\"\u6210\u50cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61871234","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327518","display_name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335440","display_name":"Natural Science Research of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W786379685","https://openalex.org/W1549889723","https://openalex.org/W1560002780","https://openalex.org/W1970010076","https://openalex.org/W1996736699","https://openalex.org/W2006960509","https://openalex.org/W2024229497","https://openalex.org/W2036784778","https://openalex.org/W2046947554","https://openalex.org/W2049441052","https://openalex.org/W2052811349","https://openalex.org/W2072456425","https://openalex.org/W2095975429","https://openalex.org/W2129097498","https://openalex.org/W2268001816","https://openalex.org/W2295755906","https://openalex.org/W2297245132","https://openalex.org/W2301146472","https://openalex.org/W2409800134","https://openalex.org/W2531183959","https://openalex.org/W2606161507","https://openalex.org/W2621033387","https://openalex.org/W2753075893","https://openalex.org/W2757262253","https://openalex.org/W2763190499","https://openalex.org/W2800049486","https://openalex.org/W2882975452","https://openalex.org/W2888063854","https://openalex.org/W2905169338","https://openalex.org/W2999554331","https://openalex.org/W3004915903","https://openalex.org/W3008676360","https://openalex.org/W3014523071","https://openalex.org/W3024000321","https://openalex.org/W3089306993","https://openalex.org/W3136215075","https://openalex.org/W3185192454"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7221171290","https://openalex.org/W2755530834","https://openalex.org/W2997638936","https://openalex.org/W3128459501","https://openalex.org/W2886515714","https://openalex.org/W2416596695","https://openalex.org/W2954454505","https://openalex.org/W4412990652","https://openalex.org/W4293445374","https://openalex.org/W4387591130"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ghost":[0],"imaging":[1,50,62,74],"(GI)":[2],"has":[3,187],"attracted":[4],"more":[5,7],"and":[6,171,179],"attention":[8],"due":[9],"to":[10,19,64,109,144],"its":[11,20],"non-locality,":[12],"however,":[13],"there":[14],"are":[15,118],"still":[16],"some":[17],"obstacles":[18],"practical":[21],"applications.":[22],"One":[23],"problem":[24],"is":[25,77,87,94,133,160],"that":[26,183],"the":[27,32,38,43,54,69,71,84,111,122,130,139,146,150,154,157,164,167,184,194,196,199,204,206],"environmental":[28],"interference,":[29],"such":[30],"as":[31,79,89,135],"time":[33],"varying":[34],"noise,":[35],"greatly":[36],"degrades":[37],"reconstructed":[39,162],"images\u2019":[40],"quality.":[41],"In":[42,68],"paper,":[44],"we":[45],"propose":[46],"a":[47,80,90,98,106,136,188],"novel":[48],"ghost":[49,61,73],"scheme":[51,186],"based":[52],"on":[53],"spread":[55,59],"spectrum":[56,60],"technique,":[57],"named":[58],"(SSGI)":[63],"overcome":[65],"this":[66],"problem.":[67],"scheme,":[70],"traditional":[72],"(TGI)":[75],"system":[76,132],"considered":[78,134],"communication":[81],"system,":[82],"where":[83],"light":[85],"beam":[86],"regarded":[88],"transmitter,":[91],"whose":[92],"intensity":[93],"first":[95],"modulated":[96,168],"by":[97,105,163],"designed":[99,140],"direct":[100,141,200],"sequence":[101,142,201],"code,":[102],"then":[103,119],"followed":[104],"spatial":[107],"modulator":[108],"obtain":[110],"temporal-spatial":[112],"speckle":[113,116,169],"patterns.":[114],"The":[115,126,176],"patterns":[117,170],"projected":[120],"onto":[121],"unknown":[123,158],"object":[124,159],"successively.":[125],"bucket":[127,147,152,174],"detector":[128],"in":[129],"TGI":[131],"receiver.":[137],"With":[138],"code":[143,202],"despread":[145],"value":[148],"(named":[149],"computed":[151,173],"value),":[153],"image":[155],"of":[156,198],"finally":[161],"correlation":[165],"between":[166],"corresponding":[172],"values.":[175],"numerical":[177],"simulations":[178],"experimental":[180],"results":[181],"demonstrate":[182],"proposed":[185],"stronger":[189],"noise":[190],"resistance":[191],"capacity.":[192],"Besides,":[193],"longer":[195],"length":[197],"is,":[203],"better":[205],"performance":[207],"SSGI":[208],"has.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2021-12-06T00:00:00"}
