{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3215907306","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2021.40.180.30824","title":"Implementing national COVID-19 vaccination programmes in sub-Saharan Africa- early lessons from Zimbabwe: a descriptive cross-sectional study","display_name":"Implementing national COVID-19 vaccination programmes in sub-Saharan Africa- early lessons from Zimbabwe: a descriptive cross-sectional study","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3215907306","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2021.40.180.30824","mag":"3215907306","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35018213","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8720230"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.11604/pamj.2021.40.180.30824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2021.40.180.30824","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2021.40.180.30824","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2755481371","display_name":"Pan African Medical Journal","issn_l":"1937-8688","issn":["1937-8688"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jpps-2","medline","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311037","host_organization_name":"African Field Epidemiology Network","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311037"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["African Field Epidemiology Network"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pan African Medical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2021.40.180.30824","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044916162","display_name":"Grant Murewanhema","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7531-730X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7531-730X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153455119","display_name":"University of Zimbabwe","ror":"https://ror.org/04ze6rb18","country_code":"ZW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153455119"]}],"countries":["ZW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Grant Murewanhema","raw_affiliation_strings":["Unit of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe","Zimbabwe College of Public Health Physicians, Harare, Zimbabwe"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Unit of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153455119"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zimbabwe College of Public Health Physicians, Harare, Zimbabwe","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007780224","display_name":"Trouble Victor Burukai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8053-2193","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8053-2193"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72341686","display_name":"Midlands State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gv1gw80","country_code":"ZW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72341686"]}],"countries":["ZW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trouble Victor Burukai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Midlands State University Harare, Harare, Zimbabwe"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Midlands State University Harare, Harare, Zimbabwe","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72341686"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081228915","display_name":"Brighton Chireka","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I874055015","display_name":"Teesside University","ror":"https://ror.org/03z28gk75","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I874055015"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brighton Chireka","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom","Zimbabwe College of Public Health Physicians, Harare, Zimbabwe"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I874055015"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zimbabwe College of Public Health Physicians, Harare, Zimbabwe","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006067839","display_name":"Edward Kunonga","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I874055015","display_name":"Teesside University","ror":"https://ror.org/03z28gk75","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I874055015"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward Kunonga","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom","Zimbabwe College of Public Health Physicians, Harare, Zimbabwe"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I874055015"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zimbabwe College of Public Health Physicians, Harare, Zimbabwe","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044916162"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153455119"],"apc_list":{"value":180,"currency":"USD","value_usd":180},"apc_paid":{"value":180,"currency":"USD","value_usd":180},"fwci":1.7935,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8720663,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":null,"first_page":"180","last_page":"180"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10833","display_name":"Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10833","display_name":"Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10118","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19-vaccination","display_name":"COVID-19 vaccination","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-immunization-programme","display_name":"national vaccination program","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vaccine-uptake","display_name":"vaccine uptake","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vaccine-hesitancy","display_name":"vaccine hesitancy","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-engagement","display_name":"community participation","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zimbabwe","display_name":"Zimbabwe","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sub-saharan-africa","display_name":"sub-Saharan Africa","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sars-cov-2","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vaccine-rollout","display_name":"vaccine rollout","score":0.3149999976158142}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8842144012451172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.7919689416885376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.6915248036384583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22070199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192995","display_name":"Vaccination","level":2,"score":0.5577213168144226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.5352784991264343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.5324892401695251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.4479510188102722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.43442052602767944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.37141603231430054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.27755749225616455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.16965791583061218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.09218567609786987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086402","descriptor_name":"SARS-CoV-2","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086663","descriptor_name":"COVID-19 Vaccines","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000088823","descriptor_name":"Vaccination Hesitancy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014611","descriptor_name":"Vaccination","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015030","descriptor_name":"Zimbabwe","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017954","descriptor_name":"Africa South of the Sahara","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.11604/pamj.2021.40.180.30824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2021.40.180.30824","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2021.40.180.30824","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2755481371","display_name":"Pan African Medical Journal","issn_l":"1937-8688","issn":["1937-8688"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jpps-2","medline","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311037","host_organization_name":"African Field Epidemiology Network","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311037"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["African Field Epidemiology Network"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pan African Medical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8720230","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8720230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pan Afr Med J","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:35018213","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35018213","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Pan African medical journal","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.11604/pamj.2021.40.180.30824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2021.40.180.30824","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2021.40.180.30824","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2755481371","display_name":"Pan African Medical Journal","issn_l":"1937-8688","issn":["1937-8688"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jpps-2","medline","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311037","host_organization_name":"African Field Epidemiology Network","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311037"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["African Field Epidemiology Network"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pan African Medical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9763000011444092,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1985641797","https://openalex.org/W2121049053","https://openalex.org/W2795902172","https://openalex.org/W3011242477","https://openalex.org/W3016591512","https://openalex.org/W3023337068","https://openalex.org/W3093951335","https://openalex.org/W3098389357","https://openalex.org/W3111048826","https://openalex.org/W3119119062","https://openalex.org/W3130645605","https://openalex.org/W3132264034","https://openalex.org/W3134940959","https://openalex.org/W3135311778","https://openalex.org/W3135409674","https://openalex.org/W3137696036","https://openalex.org/W3143561743","https://openalex.org/W3159800361","https://openalex.org/W3160227221","https://openalex.org/W4225624147"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4220859782","https://openalex.org/W4315782049","https://openalex.org/W4320491909","https://openalex.org/W4296757308","https://openalex.org/W4382345038","https://openalex.org/W6920612106","https://openalex.org/W4392168264","https://openalex.org/W3188308727","https://openalex.org/W4210950697","https://openalex.org/W4390062521"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"INTRODUCTION:":[0],"Zimbabwe":[1,50,154],"was":[2,135],"one":[3,124,158],"of":[4,23,33,35,48,62,78,89,117,151,159,189,203,212,219,246,268,276,282,292],"the":[5,21,31,36,40,49,54,70,76,85,90,118,130,149,160,183,222,244,251,271,277,283,290],"first":[6,41,86,102],"countries":[7],"to":[8,230,242],"run":[9],"a":[10,58,140,171,187,201],"national":[11,204],"COVID-19":[12,37,65,162],"vaccination":[13,51,66,163],"programme":[14,52,164,284],"in":[15,26,39,84,165,182,198,228,250,288],"Africa.":[16,28,167,296],"Lessons":[17],"learnt":[18],"could":[19],"inform":[20],"roll-out":[22,211,291],"similar":[24,213,293],"programmes":[25,214,294],"sub-Saharan":[27,166],"To":[29],"describe":[30],"trends":[32],"uptake":[34,169,199,220],"vaccines":[38],"three":[42,87,114],"months":[43,88],"(February":[44],"-":[45],"May":[46,152],"2021)":[47],"and":[53,80,104,126,142,173,192,205,224,262,265,280],"lessons":[55],"learnt.":[56],"METHODS:":[57],"secondary":[59],"descriptive":[60],"analysis":[61,241,275],"routinely":[63],"available":[64,235],"data":[67,236],"extracted":[68],"from":[69],"daily":[71],"situation":[72],"reports":[73],"published":[74],"by":[75,139,148,186],"Ministry":[77],"Health":[79],"Child":[81],"Care.":[82],"RESULTS:":[83],"programme,":[91,252],"1":[92],"020":[93],"078":[94],"doses":[95,103],"were":[96,107],"administered,":[97],"with":[98,178],"675":[99],"678":[100],"being":[101],"344":[105],"400":[106],"second":[108],"doses.":[109,133],"Using":[110],"population":[111,119,223],"estimates,":[112],"at":[113,122],"months,":[115],"5.2%":[116],"had":[120,128,155],"received":[121,129],"least":[123],"dose":[125],"2.6%":[127],"full":[131],"two":[132],"Uptake":[134],"initially":[136],"slow,":[137],"followed":[138,170,200],"gradual,":[141],"subsequently":[143],"an":[144],"exponential":[145],"increase.":[146],"CONCLUSION:":[147],"end":[150],"2021,":[153],"rolled":[156],"out":[157],"largest":[161],"The":[168,195,210,234],"pattern":[172],"trend":[174],"that":[175],"is":[176,254],"consistent":[177],"vaccine":[179,232],"hesitancy":[180],"reported":[181],"literature,":[184],"driven":[185],"combination":[188],"confidence,":[190],"complacency":[191],"convenience":[193],"factors.":[194],"gradual":[196],"increase":[197],"series":[202],"local":[206],"community":[207],"engagement":[208],"programmes.":[209],"must":[215],"recognise":[216],"likely":[217],"patterns":[218],"across":[221,295],"ensure":[225],"plans":[226],"are":[227],"place":[229],"address":[231],"hesitancy.":[233],"did":[237],"not":[238],"allow":[239],"granular":[240],"understand":[243],"demographics":[245],"people":[247],"who":[248],"participated":[249],"which":[253],"important":[255],"for":[256],"surveillance,":[257],"targeted":[258],"action,":[259],"preventing":[260],"inequalities":[261],"ensuring":[263],"adequate":[264],"proportionate":[266],"protection":[267],"residents":[269],"prioritising":[270],"most":[272],"vulnerable.":[273],"Further":[274],"process,":[278],"outcomes":[279],"impact":[281],"will":[285],"be":[286],"helpful":[287],"informing":[289]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2021-12-06T00:00:00"}