{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3212853458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijhpm.2021.154","title":"Measuring the Protective Effect of Health Insurance Coverage on Out-of-Pocket Expenditures During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Peruvian Population","display_name":"Measuring the Protective Effect of Health Insurance Coverage on Out-of-Pocket Expenditures During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Peruvian Population","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3212853458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijhpm.2021.154","mag":"3212853458","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34894642","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9808269"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.34172/ijhpm.2021.154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijhpm.2021.154","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijhpm.2021.154","pdf_url":"https://www.ijhpm.com/article_4162_9246a2dfb42bd410b1120004d1145622.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765002792","display_name":"International Journal of Health Policy and Management","issn_l":"2322-5939","issn":["2322-5939"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320389","host_organization_name":"Kerman Medical University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Kerman Medical University"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Health Policy and Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.ijhpm.com/article_4162_9246a2dfb42bd410b1120004d1145622.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091005520","display_name":"Akram Hern\u00e1ndez\u2010V\u00e1squez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1431-2526","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1431-2526"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I271457894","display_name":"Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola","ror":"https://ror.org/03vgk3f90","country_code":"PE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I271457894"]}],"countries":["PE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Akram Hern\u00e1ndez-V\u00e1squez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Excelencia en Investigaciones Econ\u00f3micas y Sociales en Salud, Vicerrectorado de Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1431-2526","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Excelencia en Investigaciones Econ\u00f3micas y Sociales en Salud, Vicerrectorado de Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I271457894"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016781916","display_name":"Carlos Rojas\u2010Roque","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1474-1550","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1474-1550"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24354313","display_name":"Universidad de Buenos Aires","ror":"https://ror.org/0081fs513","country_code":"AR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24354313"]}],"countries":["AR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Rojas-Roque","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1474-1550","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24354313"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084841674","display_name":"Antonio Barrenechea-Pulache","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4583-5434","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4583-5434"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I263512288","display_name":"Universidad Cient\u00edfica del Sur","ror":"https://ror.org/04xr5we72","country_code":"PE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I263512288"]}],"countries":["PE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio Barrenechea-Pulache","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad Cient\u00edfica del Sur, Lima, Peru"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4583-5434","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Cient\u00edfica del Sur, Lima, Peru","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I263512288"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082619223","display_name":"Guido Bendez\u00fa-Quispe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5140-0843","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5140-0843"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136908","display_name":"Universidad Norbert Wiener","ror":"https://ror.org/04abrpb32","country_code":"PE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136908"]}],"countries":["PE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guido Bendezu-Quispe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Epidemiol\u00f3gica en Salud Global, Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, Lima, Peru"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5140-0843","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Epidemiol\u00f3gica en Salud Global, Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, Lima, Peru","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136908"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091005520"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I271457894"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6857,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9006595,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"10","first_page":"2299","last_page":"2307"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11531","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Reforms","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11531","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Reforms","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10391","display_name":"Healthcare Policy and Management","score":0.0019000000320374966,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11556","display_name":"Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-insurance-coverage","display_name":"health insurance coverage","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/out-of-pocket-costs","display_name":"out-of-pocket costs","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poverty","display_name":"poverty","score":0.4490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-costs","display_name":"health care costs","score":0.41600000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peru","display_name":"Peru","score":0.8100000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.8378310203552246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.8278353214263916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.6710984706878662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.6418184041976929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5168979167938232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.43485453724861145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983635472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334911","display_name":"Health insurance","level":3,"score":0.43265414237976074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.4039188027381897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.33231887221336365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.3140774667263031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.30327701568603516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.29379138350486755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.2500614523887634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.20072579383850098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.06352439522743225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003140","descriptor_name":"Communicable Disease Control","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005102","descriptor_name":"Health Expenditures","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007348","descriptor_name":"Insurance, Health","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010568","descriptor_name":"Peru","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019458","descriptor_name":"Insurance Coverage","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058873","descriptor_name":"Pandemics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.34172/ijhpm.2021.154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijhpm.2021.154","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijhpm.2021.154","pdf_url":"https://www.ijhpm.com/article_4162_9246a2dfb42bd410b1120004d1145622.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765002792","display_name":"International Journal of Health Policy and Management","issn_l":"2322-5939","issn":["2322-5939"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320389","host_organization_name":"Kerman Medical University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Kerman Medical University"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Health Policy and Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9808269","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9808269","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Int J Health Policy Manag","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:34894642","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34894642","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of health policy and management","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d1acf4182e72408790bb64eab547460b","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d1acf4182e72408790bb64eab547460b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Health Policy and Management, Vol 11, Iss 10, Pp 2299-2307 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorio.uwiener.edu.pe:20.500.13053/7749","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.13053/7749","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402641","display_name":"LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Cient\u00edficas)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4383465926","host_organization_name":"LA Referencia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4383465926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"reponame:UWIENER-Institucional","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/4b5kx-yg595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.60692/4b5kx-yg595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.60692/4b5kx-yg595","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051682","display_name":"Greater South Information System","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/nywfb-ytn12","doi":"https://doi.org/10.60692/nywfb-ytn12","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.60692/nywfb-ytn12","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051682","display_name":"Greater South Information System","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.34172/ijhpm.2021.154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijhpm.2021.154","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijhpm.2021.154","pdf_url":"https://www.ijhpm.com/article_4162_9246a2dfb42bd410b1120004d1145622.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765002792","display_name":"International Journal of Health Policy and Management","issn_l":"2322-5939","issn":["2322-5939"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320389","host_organization_name":"Kerman Medical University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Kerman Medical University"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Health Policy and Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9537000060081482,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"score":0.666700005531311,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3212853458.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3212853458.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1507985183","https://openalex.org/W1978775682","https://openalex.org/W1985291470","https://openalex.org/W1988730537","https://openalex.org/W2111366073","https://openalex.org/W2117513178","https://openalex.org/W2255146410","https://openalex.org/W2275723718","https://openalex.org/W2319674262","https://openalex.org/W2416547532","https://openalex.org/W2514237270","https://openalex.org/W2566321242","https://openalex.org/W2772759979","https://openalex.org/W2783319287","https://openalex.org/W2889271674","https://openalex.org/W3016858090","https://openalex.org/W3030840159","https://openalex.org/W3034895470","https://openalex.org/W3039175624","https://openalex.org/W3043854048","https://openalex.org/W3046878323","https://openalex.org/W3049143960","https://openalex.org/W3083883615","https://openalex.org/W3084116408","https://openalex.org/W3088926969","https://openalex.org/W3090183814","https://openalex.org/W3120670151","https://openalex.org/W3125063076","https://openalex.org/W3125658586","https://openalex.org/W3130129993","https://openalex.org/W3133228396","https://openalex.org/W3135008632","https://openalex.org/W3136312839","https://openalex.org/W3155223737","https://openalex.org/W3157065773","https://openalex.org/W4250468705","https://openalex.org/W4297888959"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386746642","https://openalex.org/W4289528988","https://openalex.org/W3130417452","https://openalex.org/W4409257925","https://openalex.org/W7165946633","https://openalex.org/W4386854828","https://openalex.org/W4313409161","https://openalex.org/W7155401963","https://openalex.org/W4391118313","https://openalex.org/W4413283628"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Health":[1],"insurance":[2,27,75,289],"coverage":[3,76,290],"is":[4],"expected":[5],"to":[6,21,46,67,72,142,182,243,263],"protect":[7],"individuals":[8,115,172],"from":[9,16,85,96],"out-of-pocket":[10],"(OOP)":[11],"expenditures,":[12],"potentially":[13],"preventing":[14],"them":[15],"falling":[17],"into":[18],"poverty.":[19],"However,":[20,283],"date,":[22],"the":[23,32,50,53,61,73,86,97,103,112,122,144,147,161,169,194,215,222,227,246,252,264,298],"effect":[24],"of":[25,55,100,106,114,125,171,178,204,236,272,279,300],"health":[26,74,151,158,288],"on":[28,90],"OOP":[29,56,118,126,174,205,273,281,294,302],"spending":[30,206],"during":[31,60],"coronavirus":[33],"disease":[34],"2019":[35],"(COVID-19)":[36],"pandemic":[37],"has":[38],"not":[39,292],"been":[40],"fully":[41],"explored.":[42],"This":[43,79],"study":[44,80],"aimed":[45],"estimate":[47],"differences":[48],"in":[49,69,184,187,193,208,214,261],"proportion":[51,113,170],"and":[52,63,92,120,134,153,254,275],"amount":[54,203,235,248,271],"expenditures":[57,119,175,274,295],"among":[58,146],"Peruvians":[59],"pre-":[62],"post-mandatory":[64],"lockdown":[65,180,229,260],"response":[66,262],"COVID-19":[68,162,183,265],"2020":[70],"according":[71],"status.":[77],"Methods:":[78],"utilized":[81],"repeated":[82],"cross-sectional":[83],"data":[84],"National":[87],"Household":[88],"Survey":[89],"Living":[91],"Poverty":[93],"Conditions":[94],"(ENAHO)":[95],"first":[98],"quarter":[99,105],"2017":[101],"until":[102],"fourth":[104],"2020.":[107],"The":[108,200,258],"outcomes":[109,145],"were":[110,140],"(i)":[111],"who":[116],"incurred":[117],"(ii)":[121],"monetary":[123],"value":[124],"expenditures.":[127,282,303],"An":[128],"interrupted":[129],"time":[130],"series":[131],"analysis":[132,139,166,224],"(ITS)":[133],"a":[135,233,269,276],"quasi-experimental":[136],"difference-in-difference":[137],"(DID)":[138],"performed":[141],"examine":[143],"control":[148,253],"(individuals":[149,156],"without":[150],"insurance)":[152,159],"treatment":[154,255],"groups":[155],"with":[157,232,268],"after":[160,176],"pandemic.":[163],"Results:":[164],"ITS":[165],"showed":[167,225],"that":[168,226,245,287],"reporting":[173],"implementation":[177],"mandatory":[179,228,259],"due":[181],"Peru":[185],"decreased":[186],"both":[188,209],"groups,":[189,210],"but":[190,211,238],"no":[191,212,241],"difference":[192,213],"slope":[195,216],"trend":[196,217],"was":[197,218,230,240,249,266],"found":[198,219],"(P=.916).":[199],"average":[201],"quarterly":[202],"increased":[207],"(P=.073).":[220],"Lastly,":[221],"DID":[223],"associated":[231,267],"higher":[234,247,270],"OOP,":[237],"there":[239],"evidence":[242],"indicate":[244],"different":[250],"between":[251],"groups.":[256],"Conclusion:":[257],"lower":[277,293],"likelihood":[278,299],"incurring":[280,301],"our":[284],"findings":[285],"suggest":[286],"does":[291],"or":[296],"reduce":[297]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2021-11-22T00:00:00"}