{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3211645136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259972","title":"Faces in the crowd: Twitter as alternative to protest surveys","display_name":"Faces in the crowd: Twitter as alternative to protest surveys","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3211645136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259972","mag":"3211645136","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34793520","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8601430"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0259972","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259972","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259972","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0259972&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0259972&type=printable","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031713577","display_name":"Christopher Barrie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9156-990X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9156-990X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Barrie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Social & Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9156-990X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Social & Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000213324","display_name":"Arun Frey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5044-1432","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5044-1432"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arun Frey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sociology, University of Oxford, England, United Kingdom","Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science, Oxford, England, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5044-1432","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sociology, University of Oxford, England, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science, Oxford, England, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031713577"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":{"value":1749,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1749},"apc_paid":{"value":1749,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1749},"fwci":1.645,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86683308,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"11","first_page":"e0259972","last_page":"e0259972"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.6791999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.6791999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11539","display_name":"Survey Methodology and Nonresponse","score":0.20640000700950623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13030","display_name":"Survey Sampling and Estimation Techniques","score":0.02500000037252903,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protest-crowds","display_name":"protest crowds","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-trace-data","display_name":"digital traces","score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-ideology","display_name":"political ideology","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-composition","display_name":"gender composition","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-structure","display_name":"age structure","score":0.7200000286102295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158071213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257","display_name":"Ideology","level":3,"score":0.7062400579452515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777852691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13430821","display_name":"Crowds","level":2,"score":0.7041557431221008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.6395953893661499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.5375056266784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5031234622001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62230096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275969","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","level":2,"score":0.4890042543411255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.48164287209510803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.38521453738212585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3204536437988281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.26208752393722534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.17167940735816956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1408340036869049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1406499147415161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14057409763336182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.11206293106079102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.10828191041946411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000074439","descriptor_name":"Political Activism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000084142","descriptor_name":"Multidimensional Scaling Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D061108","descriptor_name":"Social Media","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0259972","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259972","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259972","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0259972&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8601430","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8601430","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS One","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:34793520","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34793520","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PloS one","raw_type":"Evaluation Study"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:openaire/bca77680-fb19-4e16-a126-4c2cb1f034d9","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/bca77680-fb19-4e16-a126-4c2cb1f034d9","pdf_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/files/241425719/BarrieFreyPLOSONE2021FacesInTheCrowd.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400321","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","host_organization_name":"University of Edinburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Barrie, C & Frey, A 2021, 'Faces in the crowd : Twitter as alternative to protest surveys', PLoS ONE, vol. 16, no. 11, e0259972, pp. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259972","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:000b6f03a7da47c899e72dab66d10383","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/000b6f03a7da47c899e72dab66d10383","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 11 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:253dbeb29b144a438b2563ccf92fb322","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/253dbeb29b144a438b2563ccf92fb322","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 11, p e0259972 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0259972","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259972","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259972","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0259972&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6601999998092651,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320290","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334630","display_name":"Economic and Social Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03n0ht308"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3211645136.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3211645136.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W72496981","https://openalex.org/W74575281","https://openalex.org/W192763029","https://openalex.org/W850909210","https://openalex.org/W1493066239","https://openalex.org/W1775342812","https://openalex.org/W1930967223","https://openalex.org/W1970768240","https://openalex.org/W1985949226","https://openalex.org/W1987592565","https://openalex.org/W1996414887","https://openalex.org/W2003998314","https://openalex.org/W2009084812","https://openalex.org/W2081292059","https://openalex.org/W2089893259","https://openalex.org/W2099103103","https://openalex.org/W2115394472","https://openalex.org/W2123835189","https://openalex.org/W2141074102","https://openalex.org/W2154321364","https://openalex.org/W2161834943","https://openalex.org/W2163179583","https://openalex.org/W2165066692","https://openalex.org/W2183515712","https://openalex.org/W2316053288","https://openalex.org/W2337823385","https://openalex.org/W2343467701","https://openalex.org/W2531153731","https://openalex.org/W2567282614","https://openalex.org/W2607318648","https://openalex.org/W2618764735","https://openalex.org/W2754829435","https://openalex.org/W2755296842","https://openalex.org/W2795441576","https://openalex.org/W2806125611","https://openalex.org/W2888247132","https://openalex.org/W2891161640","https://openalex.org/W2896103087","https://openalex.org/W2900939350","https://openalex.org/W2911735741","https://openalex.org/W2916052713","https://openalex.org/W2919126646","https://openalex.org/W2981620418","https://openalex.org/W2991402175","https://openalex.org/W2998440571","https://openalex.org/W3007065191","https://openalex.org/W3021830481","https://openalex.org/W3037090540","https://openalex.org/W3040585844","https://openalex.org/W3098124506","https://openalex.org/W3098374147","https://openalex.org/W3118240164","https://openalex.org/W3122605581","https://openalex.org/W3122871960","https://openalex.org/W3124173250","https://openalex.org/W3150678004","https://openalex.org/W3206328109"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7128747777","https://openalex.org/W2284654738","https://openalex.org/W7111585038","https://openalex.org/W4211174093","https://openalex.org/W2904831485","https://openalex.org/W4235532899","https://openalex.org/W2279310142","https://openalex.org/W7034812496","https://openalex.org/W2971339781","https://openalex.org/W3122605581"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Who":[0],"goes":[1],"to":[2,85,106,128,142],"protests?":[3],"To":[4],"answer":[5],"this":[6,35],"question,":[7],"existing":[8],"research":[9],"has":[10],"relied":[11],"either":[12],"on":[13,53],"retrospective":[14],"surveys":[15,20,88],"of":[16,21,41,66,80,147],"populations":[17],"or":[18],"in-protest":[19,87],"participants.":[22],"Both":[23],"techniques":[24,49,103],"are":[25,104,139],"prohibitively":[26],"costly":[27],"and":[28,31,59,63,73,115],"face":[29],"logistical":[30],"methodological":[32],"constraints.":[33],"In":[34],"article,":[36],"we":[37],"investigate":[38],"the":[39,54,61,78,90,113],"possibility":[40],"surveying":[42],"protests":[43],"using":[44,70],"Twitter.":[45],"We":[46,76,134],"propose":[47],"two":[48,86],"for":[50],"sampling":[51,102,108],"protestors":[52],"ground":[55],"from":[56,89,119],"digital":[57],"traces":[58],"estimate":[60],"demographic":[62],"ideological":[64],"composition":[65],"ten":[67],"protestor":[68],"crowds":[69],"multidimensional":[71],"scaling":[72],"machine-learning":[74],"techniques.":[75],"test":[77],"accuracy":[79],"our":[81,100],"estimates":[82],"by":[83],"comparing":[84],"2017":[91],"Women's":[92],"March":[93],"in":[94],"Washington,":[95],"D.C.":[96],"Results":[97],"show":[98],"that":[99,136],"Twitter":[101],"superior":[105],"hashtag":[107],"alone.":[109],"They":[110],"also":[111],"approximate":[112],"ideology":[114],"gender":[116],"distributions":[117],"derived":[118],"on-the-ground":[120],"surveys,":[121],"albeit":[122],"with":[123],"some":[124],"bias,":[125],"but":[126],"fail":[127],"retrieve":[129],"accurate":[130],"age":[131],"group":[132],"estimates.":[133],"conclude":[135],"online":[137],"samples":[138,146],"yet":[140],"unable":[141],"provide":[143],"reliable":[144],"representative":[145],"offline":[148],"protest.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2021-11-22T00:00:00"}
