{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3210159161","doi":null,"title":"SoK: Communication Across Distributed Ledgers.","display_name":"SoK: Communication Across Distributed Ledgers.","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3210159161","mag":"3210159161"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:spiral.imperial.ac.uk:10044/1/75810","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/75810","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401396","display_name":"Spiral (Imperial College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","host_organization_name":"Imperial College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Working Paper"},"volume":null,"type":"report","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024476523","display_name":"Alexei Zamyatin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0609-9959","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0609-9959"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexei Zamyatin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055034945","display_name":"Mustafa Al-Bassam","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mustafa Al-Bassam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021027776","display_name":"Dionysis Zindros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1978-594X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1978-594X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dionysis Zindros","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Athens,Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Athens,Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052016167","display_name":"Eleftherios Kokoris-Kogias","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157556583","display_name":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","ror":"https://ror.org/03gnh5541","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157556583"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["AT","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eleftherios Kokoris-Kogias","raw_affiliation_strings":["IST Austria","University of Edinburgh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IST Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157556583"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Edinburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065241738","display_name":"Pedro Moreno-S\u00e1nchez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2315-7839","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2315-7839"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro Moreno-S\u00e1nchez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Novi Research, Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2315-7839","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Novi Research, Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073753740","display_name":"Aggelos Kiayias","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2451-1430","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2451-1430","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8501-3633"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162154","display_name":"IMDEA Software Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04xvfkh51","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I105140100","https://openalex.org/I4210162154"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aggelos Kiayias","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMDEA Software Institute, Madrid, Spain ("],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2451-1430","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMDEA Software Institute, Madrid, Spain (","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162154"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050119476","display_name":"William J. Knottenbelt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8490-1011","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8490-1011"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William J. Knottenbelt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London, London (UK)#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8490-1011","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London, London (UK)#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2019","issue":null,"first_page":"1128","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.014499999582767487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-chain-communication","display_name":"cross-chain communication","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-ledger-technology","display_name":"distributed ledger technology","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain-interoperability","display_name":"blockchain interoperability","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consensus-algorithms","display_name":"consensus algorithms","score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency-exchanges","display_name":"cryptocurrency exchanges","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sharding","display_name":"sharding","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-systems","display_name":"distributed systems","score":0.4429999887943268}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8078523278236389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.736210823059082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.7198631167411804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778814252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156715","display_name":"Composability","level":2,"score":0.6953590512275696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.6292723417282104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207609745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4944086","display_name":"Bootstrapping (finance)","level":2,"score":0.5688981413841248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5584946870803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199185054","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q552299","display_name":"Chain (unit)","level":2,"score":0.4187280237674713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.40936538577079773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.07585898041725159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0700664222240448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0700533390045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:spiral.imperial.ac.uk:10044/1/75810","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/75810","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401396","display_name":"Spiral (Imperial College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","host_organization_name":"Imperial College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Working Paper"},{"id":"mag:3210159161","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/iacr/iacr2019.html#ZamyatinAZKMKK19","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764847869","display_name":"IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614454"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cryptology ePrint Archive"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6964144501","https://openalex.org/W2970670885","https://openalex.org/W3185403926","https://openalex.org/W3042118608","https://openalex.org/W3195415037","https://openalex.org/W3003161219","https://openalex.org/W4294351466","https://openalex.org/W7201837782","https://openalex.org/W7172400555","https://openalex.org/W3210652532"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Communication":[0],"across":[1,19],"distributed":[2,25,59],"systems,":[3],"each":[4],"running":[5],"its":[6],"own":[7],"consensus,":[8],"is":[9],"a":[10,48],"problem":[11],"previously":[12],"studied":[13],"under":[14],"the":[15,22],"assumption":[16],"of":[17,24,58],"trust":[18],"systems.":[20,88],"With":[21],"appearance":[23],"ledgers":[26,41],"or":[27],"blockchains,":[28],"numerous":[29],"protocols":[30],"have":[31],"emerged,":[32],"which":[33],"attempt":[34],"to":[35,73,80],"achieve":[36],"trustless":[37],"communication":[38,45],"between":[39],"distrusting":[40],"and":[42,56,79],"participants.":[43],"Cross-chain":[44],"thereby":[46],"plays":[47],"fundamental":[49],"role":[50],"in":[51],"cryptocurrency":[52],"exchanges,":[53],"sharding,":[54],"bootstrapping":[55],"extension":[57],"ledgers.":[60],"Unfortunately,":[61],"existing":[62],"proposals":[63],"are":[64],"designed":[65],"ad-hoc":[66],"for":[67,86],"specific":[68],"use-cases,":[69],"making":[70],"it":[71],"hard":[72],"gain":[74],"confidence":[75],"on":[76],"their":[77],"correctness":[78],"use":[81],"them":[82],"as":[83],"building":[84],"blocks":[85],"new":[87]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2021-11-08T00:00:00"}