{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3210041965","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146640","title":"Identifying the Author Group of Malwares through Graph Embedding and Human-in-the-Loop Classification","display_name":"Identifying the Author Group of Malwares through Graph Embedding and Human-in-the-Loop Classification","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3210041965","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146640","mag":"3210041965"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app11146640","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146640","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146640","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/14/6640/pdf?version=1626764355","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/14/6640/pdf?version=1626764355","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036440250","display_name":"Dong\u2010Kyu Chae","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5410-6391","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5410-6391"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong-Kyu Chae","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Software, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5410-6391","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Software, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056463929","display_name":"Sung Jun Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6897-8740","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6897-8740"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sung-Jun Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Software, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Software, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067362886","display_name":"Eujeanne Kim","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eujeanne Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Software, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Software, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038728451","display_name":"Jiwon Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8664-3258","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8664-3258"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiwon Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Software, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8664-3258","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Software, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100656150","display_name":"Sang\u2010Wook Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6345-9084","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6345-9084","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8264-0866"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sang-Wook Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Software, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Software, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100656150"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2160},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2160},"fwci":0.2196,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54050089,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"14","first_page":"6640","last_page":"6640"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware-classification","display_name":"malware classification","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-embedding","display_name":"graph embedding","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deepwalk","display_name":"DeepWalk","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-nearest-neighbors","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-in-the-loop-classification","display_name":"human-in-the-loop classification","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphical-user-interface","display_name":"graphical user interface","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware-detection","display_name":"malware detection","score":0.39500001072883606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.8972893357276917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6821388006210327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.4857373833656311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3506050","display_name":"Cryptovirology","level":3,"score":0.48268747329711914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.475344181060791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47237470746040344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4680376350879669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.46275779604911804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4020515978336334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3526240289211273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/app11146640","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146640","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146640","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/14/6640/pdf?version=1626764355","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:862a0e92ee994da5b2aa585f2d8e0cb8","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/862a0e92ee994da5b2aa585f2d8e0cb8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences, Vol 11, Iss 14, p 6640 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app11146640","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146640","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146640","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/14/6640/pdf?version=1626764355","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.46149998903274536,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5536064181","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. NRF-2020R1A2B5B03001960","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3210041965.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3210041965.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W172558989","https://openalex.org/W1507388815","https://openalex.org/W1680392829","https://openalex.org/W1884543133","https://openalex.org/W1888005072","https://openalex.org/W1910686388","https://openalex.org/W1996975221","https://openalex.org/W2034938003","https://openalex.org/W2066220442","https://openalex.org/W2084979543","https://openalex.org/W2092958664","https://openalex.org/W2119914327","https://openalex.org/W2131523719","https://openalex.org/W2154851992","https://openalex.org/W2170505850","https://openalex.org/W2216444195","https://openalex.org/W2267635142","https://openalex.org/W2402170430","https://openalex.org/W2476429474","https://openalex.org/W2476917595","https://openalex.org/W2534728401","https://openalex.org/W2740196638","https://openalex.org/W2775300889","https://openalex.org/W2784097977","https://openalex.org/W2792657554","https://openalex.org/W2888194137","https://openalex.org/W4248083651","https://openalex.org/W6888875766"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3093577626","https://openalex.org/W2984763267","https://openalex.org/W2740196638","https://openalex.org/W3214686023","https://openalex.org/W2622191337","https://openalex.org/W6941384182","https://openalex.org/W4285101917","https://openalex.org/W3021802667","https://openalex.org/W2736967249","https://openalex.org/W4391096913"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Malware":[0],"are":[1],"developed":[2,163],"for":[3,86,157,174],"various":[4],"types":[5],"of":[6,20,28,66,73,78,93,106,142,155,172,184,192],"malicious":[7],"attacks,":[8],"e.g.,":[9],"to":[10,13,135,150,178],"gain":[11],"access":[12],"a":[14,67,71,94,139,164],"user\u2019s":[15],"private":[16],"information":[17],"or":[18],"control":[19],"the":[21,41,63,107,112,153,158,170,181,185,190],"computer":[22],"system.":[23],"The":[24],"identification":[25],"and":[26,37,54,76,104],"classification":[27,105,156,195],"malware":[29,49,51,55,69,80,99,109,202],"has":[30],"been":[31],"extensively":[32],"studied":[33],"in":[34,45,152],"academic":[35],"societies":[36],"many":[38],"companies.":[39],"Beyond":[40],"traditional":[42],"research":[43],"areas":[44],"this":[46,58],"field,":[47],"including":[48],"detection,":[50],"propagation":[52],"analysis,":[53],"family":[56],"clustering,":[57],"paper":[59],"focuses":[60],"on":[61,102,111],"identifying":[62],"\u201cauthor":[64],"group\u201d":[65],"given":[68],"as":[70],"means":[72],"effective":[74],"detection":[75],"prevention":[77],"further":[79],"threats,":[81],"along":[82],"with":[83,138],"providing":[84],"evidence":[85],"proper":[87],"legal":[88],"action.":[89],"Our":[90],"framework":[91,146,196],"consists":[92],"malware-feature":[95],"bipartite":[96],"graph":[97],"construction,":[98],"embedding":[100],"based":[101,110],"DeepWalk,":[103],"target":[108,186],"k-nearest":[113],"neighbors":[114],"(KNN)":[115],"classification.":[116],"However,":[117],"our":[118,145,193],"KNN":[119],"classifier":[120],"often":[121],"faced":[122],"ambiguous":[123],"cases,":[124],"where":[125],"it":[126],"should":[127],"say":[128],"\u201cI":[129],"don\u2019t":[130],"know\u201d":[131],"rather":[132],"than":[133],"attempting":[134],"predict":[136],"something":[137],"high":[140],"risk":[141],"misclassification.":[143],"Therefore,":[144],"allows":[147],"human":[148,176],"experts":[149,177],"intervene":[151],"process":[154],"final":[159],"decision.":[160],"We":[161,188],"also":[162],"graphical":[165],"user":[166],"interface":[167],"that":[168],"provides":[169],"points":[171],"ambiguity":[173],"helping":[175],"effectively":[179],"determine":[180],"author":[182],"group":[183],"malware.":[187],"demonstrated":[189],"effectiveness":[191],"human-in-the-loop":[194],"via":[197],"extensive":[198],"experiments":[199],"using":[200],"real-world":[201],"data.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2021-11-08T00:00:00"}