{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3209891779","doi":"https://doi.org/10.25035/pad.2021.02.001","title":"Scientific, Legal, and Ethical Concerns About AI-Based Personnel Selection Tools: A Call to Action","display_name":"Scientific, Legal, and Ethical Concerns About AI-Based Personnel Selection Tools: A Call to Action","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3209891779","doi":"https://doi.org/10.25035/pad.2021.02.001","mag":"3209891779"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.25035/pad.2021.02.001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.25035/pad.2021.02.001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.25035/pad.2021.02.001","pdf_url":"https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1170&context=pad","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223339","display_name":"Personnel Assessment and Decisions","issn_l":"2377-8822","issn":["2377-8822"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315666","host_organization_name":"International Personnel Assessment Council (IPAC)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315666"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International Personnel Assessment Council (IPAC)"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Personnel Assessment and Decisions","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1170&context=pad","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007178649","display_name":"Nancy T. Tippins","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nancy Tippins","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Nancy T. Tippins Group, LLC","Rice University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Nancy T. Tippins Group, LLC","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rice University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087326867","display_name":"Frederick Louis Oswald","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7275-5408","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7275-5408"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frederick Oswald","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rice University",". Rice University, Department of Psychological Sciences 3. Independent Researcher"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7275-5408","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rice University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":". Rice University, Department of Psychological Sciences 3. Independent Researcher","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085123587","display_name":"S. Morton McPhail","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Morton McPhail","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent Researcher","Rice University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Researcher","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rice University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":18.4296,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":128,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99484848,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13812","display_name":"AI and HR Technologies","score":0.9678000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13812","display_name":"AI and HR Technologies","score":0.9678000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.020600000396370888,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12415","display_name":"Employer Branding and e-HRM","score":0.009800000116229057,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"machine learning","score":0.47699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employment-testing","display_name":"employment testing","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-validity","display_name":"predictive validity","score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-analysis","display_name":"job analysis","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-reliability","display_name":"test reliability","score":0.48899999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethical-issues","display_name":"ethical considerations","score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-games","display_name":"online games","score":0.41600000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media-data","display_name":"social media data","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/professional-standards","display_name":"professional standards","score":0.5180000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/documentation-requirements","display_name":"documentation requirements","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-and-organizational-psychology","display_name":"industrial and organizational psychology","score":0.8209999799728394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.6367701292037964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.581216037273407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777207495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072146","display_name":"Personnel selection","level":2,"score":0.5429051518440247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5379309058189392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.5200681090354919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.48394066095352173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58346731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627339","display_name":"Job analysis","level":3,"score":0.4565652310848236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.4552123248577118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.4366389513015747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.428079754114151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3991577923297882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3064887523651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.14621910452842712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.12556681036949158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.10150820016860962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2718322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629463","display_name":"Job satisfaction","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.25035/pad.2021.02.001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.25035/pad.2021.02.001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.25035/pad.2021.02.001","pdf_url":"https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1170&context=pad","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223339","display_name":"Personnel Assessment and Decisions","issn_l":"2377-8822","issn":["2377-8822"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315666","host_organization_name":"International Personnel Assessment Council (IPAC)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315666"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International Personnel Assessment Council (IPAC)"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Personnel Assessment and Decisions","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/6gczw","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6gczw","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6gczw","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.bgsu.edu:pad-1170","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/pad/vol7/iss2/1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402596","display_name":"ScholarWorks@BGSU (Bowling Green State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I157417397","host_organization_name":"Bowling Green State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157417397"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Personnel Assessment and Decisions","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a354b571f52548d3b6847845a204962e","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a354b571f52548d3b6847845a204962e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Personnel Assessment and Decisions, Vol 7, Iss 2 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:E00E2-82B-9AA","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.31234/OSF.IO/6GCZW","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:f36fa0fc-9777-4853-968d-f7e15f8c6334","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/6gczw","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.25035/pad.2021.02.001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.25035/pad.2021.02.001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.25035/pad.2021.02.001","pdf_url":"https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1170&context=pad","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223339","display_name":"Personnel Assessment and Decisions","issn_l":"2377-8822","issn":["2377-8822"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315666","host_organization_name":"International Personnel Assessment Council (IPAC)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315666"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International Personnel Assessment Council (IPAC)"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Personnel Assessment and Decisions","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3209891779.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3209891779.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1775838555","https://openalex.org/W1966030960","https://openalex.org/W1974998236","https://openalex.org/W1984663402","https://openalex.org/W1989277811","https://openalex.org/W2007885109","https://openalex.org/W2058105584","https://openalex.org/W2069674511","https://openalex.org/W2090665567","https://openalex.org/W2117435589","https://openalex.org/W2136971664","https://openalex.org/W2138105492","https://openalex.org/W2146790495","https://openalex.org/W2161336914","https://openalex.org/W2197856919","https://openalex.org/W2278131185","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2286258802","https://openalex.org/W2411550726","https://openalex.org/W2416611703","https://openalex.org/W2418821152","https://openalex.org/W2482880881","https://openalex.org/W2489399711","https://openalex.org/W2490857485","https://openalex.org/W2519520263","https://openalex.org/W2770868250","https://openalex.org/W2790223514","https://openalex.org/W2898246502","https://openalex.org/W2914412437","https://openalex.org/W2950247511","https://openalex.org/W2964675004","https://openalex.org/W2973502912","https://openalex.org/W2985470681","https://openalex.org/W3006312327","https://openalex.org/W3034729805","https://openalex.org/W4213240106","https://openalex.org/W4235631148","https://openalex.org/W4236522916","https://openalex.org/W4256252688","https://openalex.org/W4288083801","https://openalex.org/W4299884818","https://openalex.org/W4300870773","https://openalex.org/W6676028428"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7161949248","https://openalex.org/W4407100807","https://openalex.org/W2990278906","https://openalex.org/W7154273701","https://openalex.org/W7141576245","https://openalex.org/W4407700578","https://openalex.org/W4413722787","https://openalex.org/W4414377729","https://openalex.org/W7220053375","https://openalex.org/W4413813325"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Organizations":[0],"are":[1,69],"increasingly":[2],"turning":[3],"toward":[4],"personnel":[5],"selection":[6,81],"tools":[7,89],"that":[8],"rely":[9],"on":[10],"artificial":[11],"intelligence":[12],"(AI)":[13],"technologies":[14],"and":[15,43,57,66,71,118,128,134,147,164,179,188],"machine":[16,180],"learning":[17,181],"algorithms":[18],"that,":[19],"together,":[20],"intend":[21],"to":[22,101,110,145,149,162,167,175],"predict":[23],"the":[24,75,84,102,135],"future":[25],"success":[26],"of":[27,36,184],"employees":[28],"better":[29],"than":[30],"traditional":[31],"tools.":[32,82],"These":[33],"new":[34,177],"forms":[35,183],"assessment":[37],"include":[38],"online":[39],"games,":[40],"video-based":[41],"interviews,":[42],"big":[44],"data":[45],"pulled":[46],"from":[47],"many":[48],"sources,":[49],"including":[50,186],"test":[51],"responses,":[52],"test-taking":[53],"behavior,":[54],"applications,":[55],"resumes,":[56],"social":[58],"media.":[59],"Speedy":[60],"processing,":[61],"lower":[62],"costs,":[63],"convenient":[64],"access,":[65],"applicant":[67],"engagement":[68],"often":[70],"rightfully":[72],"cited":[73],"as":[74],"practical":[76],"advantages":[77],"for":[78,172,190],"using":[79],"these":[80,88,155,176],"At":[83],"same":[85],"time,":[86],"however,":[87],"raise":[90],"serious":[91],"concerns":[92,138],"about":[93],"their":[94,98,104,114,120,126,191],"effectiveness":[95],"in":[96,106,122],"terms":[97],"conceptual":[99],"relevance":[100],"job,":[103],"basis":[105],"a":[107],"job":[108,112,150],"analysis":[109],"ensure":[111],"relevancy,":[113],"measurement":[115],"characteristics":[116],"(reliability":[117],"stability),":[119],"validity":[121],"predicting":[123],"employee-relevant":[124],"outcomes,":[125],"evidence":[127],"normative":[129],"information":[130,141],"being":[131,143],"updated":[132],"appropriately,":[133],"associated":[136],"ethical":[137],"around":[139],"what":[140],"is":[142],"represented":[144],"employers":[146],"told":[148],"candidates.":[151],"This":[152],"paper":[153],"explores":[154],"concerns,":[156],"concluding":[157],"with":[158],"an":[159],"urgent":[160],"call":[161],"industrial":[163],"organizational":[165],"psychologists":[166],"extend":[168],"existing":[169],"professional":[170],"standards":[171,187],"employment":[173],"testing":[174],"AI":[178],"based":[182],"testing,":[185],"requirements":[189],"documentation.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2021-11-08T00:00:00"}
