{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3209803249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sdpc52933.2021.9563264","title":"Machine Learning Analysis of Non-Destructive Evaluation Data from Radar Inspection of Wind Turbine Blades","display_name":"Machine Learning Analysis of Non-Destructive Evaluation Data from Radar Inspection of Wind Turbine Blades","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3209803249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sdpc52933.2021.9563264","mag":"3209803249"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/sdpc52933.2021.9563264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sdpc52933.2021.9563264","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sdpc52933.2021.9563264","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306498546","display_name":"International Conference on Sensing, Diagnostics, Prognostics, and Control (SDPC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Diagnostics, Prognostics, and Control (SDPC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024515633","display_name":"Wenshuo Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0996-6306","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0996-6306"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenshuo Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Smart System Group Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smart System Group Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032234894","display_name":"Daniel Mitchell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9390-4150","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9390-4150"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Mitchell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Smart System Group Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smart System Group Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067163235","display_name":"Jamie Rowland Douglas Blanche","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6169-0637","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6169-0637"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jamie Blanche","raw_affiliation_strings":["Smart System Group Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smart System Group Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079223194","display_name":"Ranjeetkumar Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5647-0691","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5647-0691"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ranjeetkumar Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Smart System Group Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smart System Group Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032160199","display_name":"David Flynn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1024-3618","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1024-3618"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Flynn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Smart System Group Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smart System Group Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.0745,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98447607,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"122","last_page":"128"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.6304000020027161,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.6304000020027161,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10662","display_name":"Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation","score":0.26030001044273376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.039400000125169754,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-turbine-blades","display_name":"wind turbine blades","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-destructive-testing","display_name":"non-destructive testing","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fmcw-radar","display_name":"FMCW radar","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-health-monitoring","display_name":"structural health monitoring","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-structures","display_name":"composite structures","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subsurface-characterization","display_name":"subsurface characterization","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning-classification","display_name":"machine learning classification","score":0.628000020980835}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20381859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q829511","display_name":"Turbine blade","level":3,"score":0.7410343885421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.7229264378547668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778449969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130760","display_name":"Turbine","level":2,"score":0.7048367261886597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5839183330535889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199104240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291","display_name":"Marine engineering","level":1,"score":0.495185524225235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4292517900466919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161067210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464943","display_name":"Wind speed","level":2,"score":0.41658779978752136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776247918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423713","display_name":"Structural health monitoring","level":2,"score":0.4140964150428772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775846686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q643012","display_name":"Condition monitoring","level":2,"score":0.4126094579696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39222225546836853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3626739978790283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3370019197463989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3237324357032776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.3059808015823364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.28566044569015503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.15432670712471008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.14661315083503723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.09635695815086365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/sdpc52933.2021.9563264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sdpc52933.2021.9563264","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sdpc52933.2021.9563264","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306498546","display_name":"International Conference on Sensing, Diagnostics, Prognostics, and Control (SDPC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Diagnostics, Prognostics, and Control (SDPC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W79206647","https://openalex.org/W171801819","https://openalex.org/W1545142063","https://openalex.org/W1817561967","https://openalex.org/W2016262560","https://openalex.org/W2078940259","https://openalex.org/W2096481364","https://openalex.org/W2294798173","https://openalex.org/W2310441878","https://openalex.org/W2479224257","https://openalex.org/W2743394663","https://openalex.org/W2769943268","https://openalex.org/W2890952305","https://openalex.org/W2902172971","https://openalex.org/W2911892655","https://openalex.org/W2942529694","https://openalex.org/W2971921262","https://openalex.org/W3023528378","https://openalex.org/W3023541199","https://openalex.org/W3035291487","https://openalex.org/W3110947594","https://openalex.org/W3112329130","https://openalex.org/W3134719799"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3110947594","https://openalex.org/W4319963773","https://openalex.org/W2989229565","https://openalex.org/W4381568476","https://openalex.org/W7055832588","https://openalex.org/W2791211085","https://openalex.org/W4400147664","https://openalex.org/W1996423914","https://openalex.org/W2743602998","https://openalex.org/W7135081147"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wind":[0],"Turbines":[1],"are":[2,39],"vital":[3],"contributors":[4],"to":[5,139],"powering":[6],"the":[7,13,18,31,35],"world":[8],"with":[9,42,89,128],"renewable":[10],"energy.":[11],"As":[12],"wind":[14,23,36,77,150],"energy":[15],"sector":[16],"grows,":[17],"reliability":[19],"and":[20,52,56,122,146,153],"resilience":[21],"of":[22,30,72,125,149],"turbine":[24,37,78,108,151],"systems":[25],"becomes":[26],"increasingly":[27],"important.":[28],"One":[29],"most":[32],"important":[33],"components,":[34],"blades,":[38],"typically":[40],"inspected":[41],"visual":[43],"analysis.":[44],"This":[45],"is":[46],"insufficient":[47],"for":[48,59,76,144],"providing":[49],"detailed,":[50],"consistent,":[51],"readily":[53],"accessible":[54],"surface":[55,145],"sub-surface":[57],"analysis":[58],"Structural":[60],"Health":[61],"Monitoring":[62],"(SHM).":[63],"In":[64],"this":[65],"paper":[66],"we":[67,115],"present":[68],"a":[69,140],"novel":[70],"method":[71],"Non-Destructive":[73],"Evaluation":[74],"(NDE)":[75],"blades":[79,152],"by":[80,120],"utilizing":[81,94],"Frequency":[82],"Modulated":[83],"Continuous":[84],"Wave":[85],"(FMCW)":[86],"radar":[87,100],"sensing":[88],"machine":[90,95],"learning":[91,96],"analytics.":[92],"By":[93],"models":[97],"on":[98],"FMCW":[99],"return":[101],"signal":[102],"amplitude":[103],"(RSA)":[104],"collected":[105],"from":[106],"different":[107],"blade":[109,118],"samples,":[110],"our":[111,134],"results":[112],"demonstrate":[113],"that":[114],"can":[116],"classify":[117],"types":[119],"composition,":[121],"diameter":[123],"differentials":[124],"3":[126],"millimeters":[127],"over":[129],"95%":[130],"classification":[131],"accuracy.":[132],"Thus,":[133],"methodology":[135],"presents":[136],"an":[137],"insight":[138],"promising":[141],"SHM-NDE":[142],"solution":[143],"subsurface":[147],"characterization":[148],"other":[154],"composite":[155],"structures.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2021-11-08T00:00:00"}
