{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3209598632","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.18048/v1","title":"Incidence and Determinants of Transfusion-Transmissible Infections in Voluntary Blood Donors in Malawi, 2005-2015","display_name":"Incidence and Determinants of Transfusion-Transmissible Infections in Voluntary Blood Donors in Malawi, 2005-2015","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3209598632","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.18048/v1","mag":"3209598632"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.2.18048/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.18048/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.18048/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-8676/latest.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-8676/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004476655","display_name":"Constance Wose Kinge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6221-5459","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6221-5459"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192619145","display_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","ror":"https://ror.org/03rp50x72","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Constance Wose Kinge","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Witwatersrand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6221-5459","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Witwatersrand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070509469","display_name":"Juliana Kagura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6608-6930","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6608-6930"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192619145","display_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","ror":"https://ror.org/03rp50x72","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juliana Kagura","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033067554","display_name":"Bridon M\u2019baya","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111597","display_name":"Malawi Blood Transfusion Service","ror":"https://ror.org/01zyzqr72","country_code":"MW","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111597"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bridon M\u2019baya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malawi Blood Transfusion Services"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malawi Blood Transfusion Services","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111597"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064905647","display_name":"Stephen Emilio Njolomole","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0711-0996","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0711-0996"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192619145","display_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","ror":"https://ror.org/03rp50x72","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111597","display_name":"Malawi Blood Transfusion Service","ror":"https://ror.org/01zyzqr72","country_code":"MW","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111597"]}],"countries":["MW","ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Njolomole","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malawi Blood Transfusion Services","University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences Bridon M'baya Malawi Blood Transfusion Services"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malawi Blood Transfusion Services","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111597"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences Bridon M'baya Malawi Blood Transfusion Services","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145","https://openalex.org/I4210111597"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009185883","display_name":"Charles Chasela","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8362-5986","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8362-5986"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192619145","display_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","ror":"https://ror.org/03rp50x72","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111597","display_name":"Malawi Blood Transfusion Service","ror":"https://ror.org/01zyzqr72","country_code":"MW","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111597"]}],"countries":["MW","ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles Chasela","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences","Malawi Blood Transfusion Services"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malawi Blood Transfusion Services","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111597"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12735","display_name":"Blood donation and transfusion practices","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12735","display_name":"Blood donation and transfusion practices","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10082","display_name":"HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10693","display_name":"Blood transfusion and management","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2704","display_name":"Biochemistry (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfusion-transmitted-infection","display_name":"transfusion-transmissible infections","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-donor-safety","display_name":"blood donor safety","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv","display_name":"HIV","score":0.5249999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hepatitis-b","display_name":"hepatitis B","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hepatitis-c","display_name":"hepatitis C","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syphilis","display_name":"syphilis","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-factors","display_name":"risk factors","score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfusion-safety","display_name":"transfusion safety","score":0.45500001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malawi","display_name":"Malawi","score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sub-saharan-africa","display_name":"sub-Saharan Africa","score":0.6190000176429749}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.7916011810302734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780014101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183605","display_name":"Blood transfusion","level":2,"score":0.6536938548088074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6189808249473572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26077564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1910318","display_name":"Turnover","level":2,"score":0.5032841563224792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.3640892505645752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.33809271454811096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194828623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470","display_name":"Emergency medicine","level":1,"score":0.325087308883667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.08635386824607849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.2.18048/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.18048/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.18048/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-8676/latest.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.2.18048/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.18048/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.18048/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-8676/latest.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3209598632.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3209598632.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W657225513","https://openalex.org/W1570845379","https://openalex.org/W1992813405","https://openalex.org/W1997167226","https://openalex.org/W2008567372","https://openalex.org/W2009738592","https://openalex.org/W2033719330","https://openalex.org/W2053084384","https://openalex.org/W2091571419","https://openalex.org/W2099231997","https://openalex.org/W2132331489","https://openalex.org/W2188024714","https://openalex.org/W2287453238","https://openalex.org/W2290015215","https://openalex.org/W2329608527","https://openalex.org/W2517264260","https://openalex.org/W2527774837","https://openalex.org/W2554982868","https://openalex.org/W2576028158","https://openalex.org/W2579632470","https://openalex.org/W2588358224","https://openalex.org/W2765661279","https://openalex.org/W2791364737","https://openalex.org/W2796622027","https://openalex.org/W2806331220","https://openalex.org/W2808692102","https://openalex.org/W2897351379","https://openalex.org/W2917602071","https://openalex.org/W2945594163","https://openalex.org/W2955957678"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387599814","https://openalex.org/W2955957678","https://openalex.org/W3138277597","https://openalex.org/W4410509249","https://openalex.org/W2605181108","https://openalex.org/W2988527722","https://openalex.org/W4386258974","https://openalex.org/W7150825025","https://openalex.org/W102172455","https://openalex.org/W3113966928"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Blood":[2,78],"transfusion":[3],"has":[4],"been":[5],"associated":[6],"with":[7,133,149,164,170,175,226,295],"a":[8,70,134,229,313],"high":[9,277],"risk":[10,102,115,232],"of":[11,25,38,49,69,72,94,126,137,218,259,271,324],"transfusion-transmissible":[12],"infections":[13,16],"(TTIs).":[14],"These":[15],"pose":[17],"great":[18],"threats":[19],"to":[20,51,60],"the":[21,36,45,76,92,98,128,142,160,221,262,280,285],"availability":[22,318],"and":[23,47,57,103,173,193,206,248,274,293,308,319,326,331,343],"safety":[24,56],"blood":[26,73,84,124,321,341],"supply":[27,342],"for":[28,55,114,234,315,334],"transfusion,":[29],"particularly":[30],"in":[31,220,261,278,284,289],"sub-Saharan":[32],"Africa":[33],"(SSA)":[34],"where":[35],"burden":[37],"disease":[39],"is":[40,266,276,298],"alarmingly":[41],"high.":[42],"We":[43,118],"describe":[44],"incidence":[46,180,258,270],"determinants":[48],"TTIs":[50,260],"help":[52,338],"target":[53],"interventions":[54],"increased":[58],"access":[59],"safe":[61,320,340],"blood.":[62],"Methods":[63],"This":[64],"was":[65,88,159,181,228],"secondary":[66],"data":[67,120],"analysis":[68],"cohort":[71],"donors":[74,125,208,282],"from":[75,85,121],"Malawi":[77],"Transfusion":[79],"Service":[80],"(MBTS)":[81],"who":[82],"donated":[83],"2005\u20132015.":[86],"Incidence":[87],"obtained":[89],"by":[90,97,107,168,306],"dividing":[91],"number":[93],"new":[95],"cases":[96],"total":[99],"person-years":[100],"at":[101,150],"survival":[104],"probabilities":[105],"computed":[106],"Kaplan-Meier":[108],"estimates.":[109],"Logistic":[110],"regressions":[111],"were":[112,130,147],"used":[113],"factors.":[116],"Results":[117],"analysed":[119],"47,075":[122],"registered":[123,143],"which":[127],"majority":[129],"male":[131],"(84%)":[132],"median":[135],"age":[136],"22":[138],"years":[139],"(IQR=18\u201322).":[140],"Of":[141],"donors,":[144,304],"3,439":[145],"(7.31%)":[146],"infected":[148],"least":[151],"one":[152],"TTI":[153,163,179,219,310,335],"(HIV,":[154],"HCV":[155,174,242,273],"or":[156],"HBV).":[157],"HBV":[158,249,275,297],"most":[161,299],"common":[162,230,300],"2.63%":[165],"(n=1,238),":[166],"followed":[167,305],"HIV":[169,236,307],"1.74%":[171],"(n=818)":[172],"1.28%":[176],"(n=602).":[177],"Overall,":[178],"43.4":[182],"per":[183],"10,000.":[184],"Donors":[185],"aged":[186],"20\u201324":[187],"(OR=":[188,195,201,209,237,243,250],"2.15,":[189],"95%":[190,197,203,211,239,245,252],"CI=":[191,198,204,212,240,246,253],"1.35\u20133.40),":[192],"30\u201334":[194],"2.68,":[196],"1.67\u20134.32),":[199],"males":[200],"1.65;":[202],"1.47\u20131.85),":[205],"married":[207],"1.93;":[210],"1.38\u20132.69)":[213],"had":[214],"significantly":[215],"higher":[216],"odds":[217],"multivariate":[222],"logistic":[223],"model.":[224],"Infection":[225],"syphilis":[227],"significant":[231],"factor":[233],"incident":[235],"2.62,":[238],"1.57\u20134.38),":[241],"2.03,":[244],"1.04\u20133.98),":[247],"1.71,":[251],"1.01\u20132.89).":[254],"Conclusion":[255],"The":[256,269],"overall":[257],"Malawian":[263],"donor":[264,328],"population":[265],"comparatively":[267],"low.":[268],"HIV,":[272],"males,":[279],"unemployed,":[281],"living":[283],"Central":[286],"Region,":[287],"involved":[288],"high-risk":[290],"sexual":[291],"behaviour,":[292],"co-infected":[294],"syphilis.":[296],"among":[301],"supposedly":[302],"healthy":[303],"HCV.":[309],"therefore,":[311],"remains":[312],"cause":[314],"concern":[316],"toward":[317],"supply.":[322],"Implementation":[323],"strict":[325],"proper":[327],"selection":[329],"criteria":[330],"continuous":[332],"screening":[333],"indicators":[336],"can":[337],"maximise":[339],"transfusion.":[344]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2021-11-08T00:00:00"}
