{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3209252374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1206212x.2021.1948170","title":"Off-chain management and state-tracking of smart programs on blockchain for secure and efficient decentralized computation","display_name":"Off-chain management and state-tracking of smart programs on blockchain for secure and efficient decentralized computation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3209252374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1206212x.2021.1948170","mag":"3209252374"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/1206212x.2021.1948170","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1206212x.2021.1948170","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1206212x.2021.1948170","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87797848","display_name":"International Journal of Computers and Applications","issn_l":"1206-212X","issn":["1206-212X","1925-7074"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computers and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025433366","display_name":"Mahdi Mallaki","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109871","display_name":"Khatam University","ror":"https://ror.org/016tr2g85","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109871"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahdi Mallaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Khatam University, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Khatam University, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109871"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034492145","display_name":"Babak Majidi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6309-6407","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6309-6407"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109871","display_name":"Khatam University","ror":"https://ror.org/016tr2g85","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109871"]}],"countries":["CA","IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Babak Majidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Khatam University, Tehran, Iran","Emergency and Rapid Response Simulation (ADERSIM) Artificial Intelligence Group, Faculty of Liberal Arts & Professional Studies, York University, Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6309-6407","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Khatam University, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109871"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emergency and Rapid Response Simulation (ADERSIM) Artificial Intelligence Group, Faculty of Liberal Arts & Professional Studies, York University, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050722492","display_name":"Amirhossein Peyvandi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5973-9617","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5973-9617"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109871","display_name":"Khatam University","ror":"https://ror.org/016tr2g85","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109871"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amirhossein Peyvandi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Khatam University, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Khatam University, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109871"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089228487","display_name":"Ali Movaghar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6803-6750","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6803-6750","https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2132-7764"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133529467","display_name":"Sharif University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024c2fq17","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133529467"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Movaghar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133529467"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034492145"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969","https://openalex.org/I4210109871"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9569,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77757084,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"9","first_page":"822","last_page":"829"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13913","display_name":"Blockchain Technology in Education and Learning","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contracts","display_name":"smart contracts","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"blockchain","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/off-chain-computation","display_name":"off-chain computation","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-tracking","display_name":"state tracking","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-chains","display_name":"side chains","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethereum","display_name":"Ethereum","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decentralized-applications","display_name":"decentralized applications","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-cost-reduction","display_name":"computational complexity reduction","score":0.5370000004768372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.9504877328872681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8639088869094849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.6732004880905151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.5939651131629944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.538693368434906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5203382968902588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4719010293483734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.36476653814315796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3147527575492859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.2283715307712555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/1206212x.2021.1948170","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1206212x.2021.1948170","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1206212x.2021.1948170","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87797848","display_name":"International Journal of Computers and Applications","issn_l":"1206-212X","issn":["1206-212X","1925-7074"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computers and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5378999710083008,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2075478098","https://openalex.org/W2624798638","https://openalex.org/W2781897602","https://openalex.org/W2797082545","https://openalex.org/W2886539561","https://openalex.org/W2888947553","https://openalex.org/W2892371173","https://openalex.org/W2921425164","https://openalex.org/W2944858588","https://openalex.org/W2945335951","https://openalex.org/W2946026374","https://openalex.org/W2949936125","https://openalex.org/W2964898309","https://openalex.org/W2980985124","https://openalex.org/W2981164030","https://openalex.org/W3002742063","https://openalex.org/W3010925139","https://openalex.org/W3012325474","https://openalex.org/W3015328028","https://openalex.org/W3032048634","https://openalex.org/W3037404263","https://openalex.org/W3045697744","https://openalex.org/W3111878440"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3173127270","https://openalex.org/W3156971963","https://openalex.org/W4306311943","https://openalex.org/W4414279360","https://openalex.org/W4390545546","https://openalex.org/W3185960156","https://openalex.org/W3214658705","https://openalex.org/W4226373931","https://openalex.org/W4372343028","https://openalex.org/W3180328693"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,77],"the":[1,27,52,75,91,108,113,116,119,159],"last":[2],"decade":[3],"various":[4,148],"crypto-currencies":[5],"opened":[6],"new":[7,17,24,81],"doors":[8],"to":[9,51,67,107,131],"a":[10,80,129],"decentralized":[11,30,105],"electronic":[12],"monetary":[13],"system.":[14],"Emergence":[15],"of":[16,29,37,54,85,115,118,164],"Blockchain":[18],"platforms,":[19],"such":[20],"as":[21],"Ethereum,":[22],"introduced":[23],"features":[25],"for":[26,40,83,150,162],"implementation":[28],"software":[31,73,167],"or":[32],"smart":[33,86],"contracts.":[34],"The":[35,99,138],"applications":[36,106,149],"blockchain":[38,89,134,145],"technology":[39],"secure":[41,151],"and":[42,60,70,110,146,152,156],"efficient":[43,153],"information":[44,154],"systems":[45,155],"is":[46,64,97,141],"rapidly":[47],"increasing.":[48],"However,":[49],"due":[50],"limitations":[53],"this":[55,78],"platform":[56,161],"including":[57],"high":[58],"computational":[59],"storage":[61],"cost,":[62],"it":[63],"not":[65],"possible":[66],"run":[68],"sophisticated":[69],"computationally":[71,165],"expensive":[72],"on":[74,88,143,168],"blockchain.":[76,169],"paper,":[79],"framework":[82,101,123,140],"execution":[84,163],"programs":[87],"called":[90],"Smart":[92],"Program":[93],"Runner":[94],"Framework":[95],"(SPRF)":[96],"proposed.":[98],"proposed":[100,139],"works":[102],"by":[103,127],"moving":[104],"off-chain":[109],"only":[111],"storing":[112],"hash":[114],"state":[117],"application":[120],"on-chain.":[121],"This":[122],"can":[124,157],"be":[125],"implemented":[126,142],"creating":[128],"side-chain":[130],"an":[132],"existing":[133],"without":[135],"any":[136],"modifications.":[137],"Stellar":[144],"has":[147],"provide":[158],"required":[160],"demanding":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2021-11-08T00:00:00"}