{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3209196826","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.a.1770","title":"Black Suburbanization: Causes and Consequences of a Transformation of American Cities","display_name":"Black Suburbanization: Causes and Consequences of a Transformation of American Cities","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3209196826","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.a.1770","mag":"3209196826"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/rest.a.1770","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.a.1770","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.a.1770","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S180061323","display_name":"The Review of Economics and Statistics","issn_l":"0034-6535","issn":["0034-6535","1530-9142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Review of Economics and Statistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1374&context=up_workingpapers","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024397171","display_name":"Alexander Wickman Bartik","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109900","display_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland","ror":"https://ror.org/01wxdvj03","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1317239608","https://openalex.org/I4210109900"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83925599","display_name":"W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00kqye711","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83925599"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander W. Bartik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign abartik@illinois.edu","ASSA Annual Meetings, University of Chicago-Harris Demography Seminar, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Freddie Mac, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Notre Dame, Upjohn Institute, and Wharton Real Estate Mini","University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","University of Notre Dame"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign abartik@illinois.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ASSA Annual Meetings, University of Chicago-Harris Demography Seminar, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Freddie Mac, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Notre Dame, Upjohn Institute, and Wharton Real Estate Mini","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225","https://openalex.org/I40347166","https://openalex.org/I4210109900","https://openalex.org/I83925599"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Notre Dame","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045590455","display_name":"Evan Mast","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0774-0664","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0774-0664"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109900","display_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland","ror":"https://ror.org/01wxdvj03","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1317239608","https://openalex.org/I4210109900"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83925599","display_name":"W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00kqye711","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83925599"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evan Mast","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, University of Notre Dame emast@nd.edu","ASSA Annual Meetings, University of Chicago-Harris Demography Seminar, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Freddie Mac, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Notre Dame, Upjohn Institute, and Wharton Real Estate Mini","University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","University of Notre Dame"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, University of Notre Dame emast@nd.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ASSA Annual Meetings, University of Chicago-Harris Demography Seminar, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Freddie Mac, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Notre Dame, Upjohn Institute, and Wharton Real Estate Mini","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225","https://openalex.org/I40347166","https://openalex.org/I4210109900","https://openalex.org/I83925599"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Notre Dame","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4321,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90567675,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"45"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11645","display_name":"Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11645","display_name":"Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12502","display_name":"Urbanization and City Planning","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12259","display_name":"Environmental Justice and Health Disparities","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-suburbanization","display_name":"Black suburbanization","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suburbanization","display_name":"suburbanization","score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-americans","display_name":"African Americans","score":0.44699999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residential-segregation","display_name":"residential segregation","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-segregation","display_name":"income segregation","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neighborhood-quality","display_name":"neighborhood quality","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/housing-prices","display_name":"housing prices","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-attainment","display_name":"educational attainment","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gentrification","display_name":"gentrification","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-transformation","display_name":"urban transformation","score":0.5230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-segregation","display_name":"racial segregation","score":0.4009999930858612}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776081408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091971","display_name":"Suburbanization","level":3,"score":0.9903327226638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.6602228879928589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.5331990122795105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.4626745581626892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4539579451084137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.3177834451198578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.27867281436920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.10624384880065918}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/rest.a.1770","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.a.1770","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.a.1770","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S180061323","display_name":"The Review of Economics and Statistics","issn_l":"0034-6535","issn":["0034-6535","1530-9142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Review of Economics and Statistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.17848/wp21-355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17848/wp21-355","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17848/wp21-355","pdf_url":"https://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1374&context=up_workingpapers","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"W.E. Upjohn Institute","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:upj:weupjo:21-355","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1374&context=up_workingpapers","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:econstor.eu:10419/262383","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10419/262383","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401696","display_name":"Econstor (Econstor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"doc-type:workingPaper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.upjohn.org:up_workingpapers-1374","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.upjohn.org/up_workingpapers/355","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196402","display_name":"Upjohn Research (W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I83925599","host_organization_name":"W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83925599"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Upjohn Institute Working Papers","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.17848/wp21-355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17848/wp21-355","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17848/wp21-355","pdf_url":"https://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1374&context=up_workingpapers","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"W.E. Upjohn Institute","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.9629999995231628},{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.7646999955177307}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.5600000023841858}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3209196826.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965508316","https://openalex.org/W1969530519","https://openalex.org/W1977578104","https://openalex.org/W2013309399","https://openalex.org/W2024639441","https://openalex.org/W2047577664","https://openalex.org/W2064894498","https://openalex.org/W2069705373","https://openalex.org/W2152381392","https://openalex.org/W2258334243","https://openalex.org/W2296167041","https://openalex.org/W2522600827","https://openalex.org/W2769707571","https://openalex.org/W2790778429","https://openalex.org/W2890132440","https://openalex.org/W2892019189","https://openalex.org/W2904466053","https://openalex.org/W2979951119","https://openalex.org/W3120741529","https://openalex.org/W3121637593","https://openalex.org/W3121757876","https://openalex.org/W3122425091","https://openalex.org/W3133654284","https://openalex.org/W3147780552","https://openalex.org/W4224235032"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2750622137","https://openalex.org/W2091128307","https://openalex.org/W3117326663","https://openalex.org/W2374388776","https://openalex.org/W2410023446","https://openalex.org/W2886728830","https://openalex.org/W3033337949","https://openalex.org/W3007427932","https://openalex.org/W2063080440","https://openalex.org/W2105703922"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Since":[1],"1970,":[2],"the":[3,35,42,52],"share":[4,75],"of":[5,11,37,76,87],"Black":[6,24,44,53,77,88],"individuals":[7],"living":[8],"in":[9,31,40,65],"suburbs":[10],"large":[12,74],"cities":[13],"has":[14,26],"risen":[15],"from":[16],"16%":[17],"to":[18,28,61],"36%.":[19],"We":[20,55],"first":[21],"show":[22,62],"that":[23,63],"suburbanization":[25],"led":[27],"major":[29],"changes":[30,64],"neighborhoods,":[32],"accounting":[33,59],"for":[34],"majority":[36],"recent":[38],"increases":[39],"both":[41],"average":[43],"individual\u2019s":[45],"neighborhood":[46],"quality":[47],"and":[48,69,85],"income":[49],"segregation":[50],"within":[51],"population.":[54],"then":[56],"use":[57],"an":[58],"exercise":[60],"relative":[66],"suburban":[67],"amenities":[68],"housing":[70],"prices":[71],"explain":[72],"a":[73],"suburbanization,":[78],"while":[79],"regional":[80],"reallocation,":[81],"changing":[82],"educational":[83],"attainment,":[84],"gentrification":[86],"city":[89],"neighborhoods":[90],"play":[91],"only":[92],"minor":[93],"roles.":[94]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}