{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3208436359","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/phpr.12510","title":"Surreal decisions","display_name":"Surreal decisions","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-06-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3208436359","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/phpr.12510","mag":"3208436359"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/phpr.12510","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/phpr.12510","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/phpr.12510","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204374153","display_name":"Philosophy and Phenomenological Research","issn_l":"0031-8205","issn":["0031-8205","1933-1592"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Philosophy and Phenomenological Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2111.00862","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070298091","display_name":"Eddy Keming Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5144-0952","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5144-0952"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eddy Keming Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rutgers University\u2010New Brunswick"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutgers University\u2010New Brunswick","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076541182","display_name":"Daniel Rubio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6514-5900","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6514-5900"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Rubio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rutgers University\u2010New Brunswick"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutgers University\u2010New Brunswick","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"],"apc_list":{"value":2900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.2032,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95875978,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"100","issue":"1","first_page":"54","last_page":"74"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.9253000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.9253000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11477","display_name":"Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics","score":0.013100000098347664,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10297","display_name":"Philosophical Ethics and Theory","score":0.01140000019222498,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surreal-numbers","display_name":"surreal numbers","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expected-utility-theory","display_name":"expected utility theory","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pascal-s-wager","display_name":"Pascal's wager","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixed-strategies","display_name":"mixed strategies","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degree-of-belief","display_name":"degrees of belief","score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-paradoxes","display_name":"decision paradoxes","score":0.6880000233650208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779513410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351567","display_name":"Credence","level":2,"score":0.6767292022705078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.6134878396987915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83136003","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054565","display_name":"Causal decision theory","level":5,"score":0.5373621582984924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28901747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177571","display_name":"Decision theory","level":2,"score":0.520606279373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.4519576132297516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.4025473892688751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37064287066459656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3191348910331726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186116695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5249226","display_name":"Decision analysis","level":2,"score":0.16036295890808105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97944126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5001864","display_name":"Business decision mapping","level":3,"score":0.0934886634349823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135115379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2750514","display_name":"Decision engineering","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/phpr.12510","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/phpr.12510","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/phpr.12510","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204374153","display_name":"Philosophy and Phenomenological Research","issn_l":"0031-8205","issn":["0031-8205","1933-1592"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Philosophy and Phenomenological Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philsci-archive.pitt.edu:19741","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/19741/1/Surreal%20Decisions%20PPR%20Final%20Archive.pdf","pdf_url":"https://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/19741/1/Surreal%20Decisions%20PPR%20Final%20Archive.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401282","display_name":"PhilSci-Archive (University of Pittsburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","host_organization_name":"University of Pittsburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Published Article or Volume"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2111.00862","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2111.00862","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2111.00862","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2111.00862","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2111.00862","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2111.00862","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2111.00862","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2111.00862","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2111.00862","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1525108918","https://openalex.org/W1526352565","https://openalex.org/W1531190209","https://openalex.org/W1567259931","https://openalex.org/W1598698198","https://openalex.org/W1965558449","https://openalex.org/W1965984194","https://openalex.org/W1996375166","https://openalex.org/W2013022620","https://openalex.org/W2085482203","https://openalex.org/W2091205598","https://openalex.org/W2113560343","https://openalex.org/W2130987845","https://openalex.org/W2137263714","https://openalex.org/W2150758067","https://openalex.org/W2158791312","https://openalex.org/W2468981957","https://openalex.org/W2478576108","https://openalex.org/W2497092686","https://openalex.org/W2526965897","https://openalex.org/W2528148817","https://openalex.org/W3143347354","https://openalex.org/W3203214308","https://openalex.org/W4229922839","https://openalex.org/W4232279545","https://openalex.org/W4233029854","https://openalex.org/W4235417391","https://openalex.org/W4240602247","https://openalex.org/W4250614386"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4250009999","https://openalex.org/W2486059011","https://openalex.org/W2030006177","https://openalex.org/W1976663166","https://openalex.org/W1965984194","https://openalex.org/W7100185763","https://openalex.org/W2942355142","https://openalex.org/W1975104173","https://openalex.org/W7161305063","https://openalex.org/W4294544877"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"expected":[1],"utility":[2],"theory":[3,10,65,80,134],"has":[4],"proven":[5],"a":[6,42,55,154,185,193],"fruitful":[7],"and":[8,59,103,117,131,147,204],"elegant":[9],"in":[11,24,70,91,125,153,202],"the":[12,33,71,86,92,97,113,122,126,139],"finite":[13],"realm,":[14],"attempts":[15],"to":[16,19,81],"generalize":[17],"it":[18,177,182],"infinite":[20,74],"values":[21],"have":[22],"resulted":[23],"many":[25],"paradoxes.":[26],"In":[27],"this":[28],"paper,":[29],"we":[30,53,108],"argue":[31],"that":[32,51,61,106,137,170,189],"use":[34],"of":[35,73,85,128,197],"John":[36],"Conway's":[37],"surreal":[38,56,63,129],"numbers":[39],"shall":[40],"provide":[41],"firm":[43],"mathematical":[44],"foundation":[45],"for":[46],"transfinite":[47],"decision":[48,64,89,156],"theory.":[49],"To":[50,105],"end,":[52,107],"prove":[54],"representation":[57],"theorem":[58],"show":[60],"our":[62,79,100,133],"respects":[66],"dominance":[67],"reasoning":[68],"even":[69],"case":[72],"values.":[75],"We":[76],"then":[77],"bring":[78],"bear":[82],"on":[83,159],"one":[84,150],"more":[87],"venerable":[88],"problems":[90],"literature:":[93],"Pascal's":[94,172],"Wager.":[95],"Analyzing":[96],"wager":[98],"showcases":[99],"theory's":[101],"virtues":[102],"advantages.":[104],"analyze":[109],"two":[110,123],"objections":[111,124],"against":[112],"wager:":[114],"Mixed":[115],"Strategies":[116],"Many":[118],"Gods.":[119],"After":[120],"formulating":[121],"framework":[127],"utilities":[130],"probabilities,":[132],"correctly":[135],"predicts":[136],"(1)":[138],"pure":[140],"Pascalian":[141,155],"strategy":[142],"beats":[143],"all":[144],"mixed":[145],"strategies,":[146],"(2)":[148],"what":[149,160,181],"should":[151,191],"do":[152],"problem":[157],"depends":[158],"one's":[161],"credence":[162],"function":[163],"is":[164,174],"like.":[165],"Our":[166],"analysis":[167],"therefore":[168],"suggests":[169],"although":[171],"Wager":[173],"mathematically":[175],"coherent,":[176],"does":[178],"not":[179],"deliver":[180],"purports":[183],"to,":[184],"rationally":[186],"compelling":[187],"argument":[188],"people":[190],"lead":[192],"religious":[194],"life":[195],"regardless":[196],"how":[198],"confident":[199],"they":[200],"are":[201],"theism":[203],"its":[205],"alternatives.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":19}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2021-11-08T00:00:00"}
