{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3208301774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-81","title":"Misinformation interventions are common, divisive, and poorly understood","display_name":"Misinformation interventions are common, divisive, and poorly understood","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3208301774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-81","mag":"3208301774"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.37016/mr-2020-81","doi":"https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-81","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-81","pdf_url":"https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/saltz_misinformation_interventions_20211027.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407028046","display_name":"Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review","issn_l":"2766-1652","issn":["2766-1652"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","norway-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/saltz_misinformation_interventions_20211027.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055634477","display_name":"Emily Saltz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6255-6694","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6255-6694"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emily Saltz","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Partnership on AI, USA",") Partnership on AI, USA, ("],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Partnership on AI, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":") Partnership on AI, USA, (","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012692869","display_name":"Soubhik Barari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0126-7351","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0126-7351"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soubhik Barari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Government, Harvard University, USA",") Department of Government, Harvard University, USA, ("],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Government, Harvard University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":") Department of Government, Harvard University, USA, (","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048415612","display_name":"Claire Leibowicz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2640-5458","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2640-5458"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claire Leibowicz","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Partnership on AI, USA",") Partnership on AI, USA, ("],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Partnership on AI, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":") Partnership on AI, USA, (","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083936373","display_name":"Claire Wardle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4597-8574","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4597-8574"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claire Wardle","raw_affiliation_strings":["First Draft, USA",") First Draft, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"First Draft, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":") First Draft, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.9177,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96695318,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13979","display_name":"Communication and COVID-19 Impact","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/misinformation-interventions","display_name":"misinformation interventions","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-social-networks","display_name":"social networking sites","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/content-moderation","display_name":"content moderation","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partisanship","display_name":"partisanship","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-trust","display_name":"institutional trust","score":0.953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media-use","display_name":"social media use","score":0.8009999990463257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776990098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13579947","display_name":"Misinformation","level":2,"score":0.9619683027267456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.8743087649345398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.6764771342277527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5766362547874451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.5669312477111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.5204505920410156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.44841402769088745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3847925066947937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.35024213790893555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2939467430114746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2398085594177246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.13777515292167664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.37016/mr-2020-81","doi":"https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-81","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-81","pdf_url":"https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/saltz_misinformation_interventions_20211027.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407028046","display_name":"Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review","issn_l":"2766-1652","issn":["2766-1652"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","norway-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e977bf09cfdc43ecaa5de07c26fbee7b","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e977bf09cfdc43ecaa5de07c26fbee7b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, Vol 2, Iss 5 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.37016/mr-2020-81","doi":"https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-81","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-81","pdf_url":"https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/saltz_misinformation_interventions_20211027.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407028046","display_name":"Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review","issn_l":"2766-1652","issn":["2766-1652"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","norway-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3208301774.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3208301774.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2100799546","https://openalex.org/W2110065044","https://openalex.org/W2110084419","https://openalex.org/W2735275651","https://openalex.org/W2965501349","https://openalex.org/W3007968087","https://openalex.org/W3032208390","https://openalex.org/W3041121541","https://openalex.org/W3093534456","https://openalex.org/W3124726575","https://openalex.org/W3125936870","https://openalex.org/W3130387723","https://openalex.org/W3161397288","https://openalex.org/W3162414724","https://openalex.org/W3181514273","https://openalex.org/W4220660611","https://openalex.org/W4398587682","https://openalex.org/W6887767973"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3197131596","https://openalex.org/W4205914924","https://openalex.org/W4283459170","https://openalex.org/W4229014887","https://openalex.org/W4225301003","https://openalex.org/W4220949352","https://openalex.org/W4229067106","https://openalex.org/W2962981892","https://openalex.org/W4312122776"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Social":[0],"media":[1,114],"platforms":[2],"label,":[3],"remove,":[4],"or":[5,14,72],"otherwise":[6],"intervene":[7],"on":[8],"thousands":[9],"of":[10,32,44,56],"posts":[11],"containing":[12],"misleading":[13],"inaccurate":[15],"information":[16],"every":[17],"day.":[18],"Who":[19],"encounters":[20],"these":[21,64],"interventions,":[22],"and":[23,60,75,116],"how":[24],"do":[25],"they":[26],"react?":[27],"A":[28],"demographically":[29],"representative":[30],"survey":[31],"1,207":[33],"Americans":[34],"reveals":[35],"that":[36,68],"49%":[37],"have":[38],"been":[39],"exposed":[40],"to":[41,83,118],"some":[42],"form":[43],"online":[45],"misinformation":[46],"intervention.":[47],"However,":[48],"most":[49],"are":[50,62,77],"not":[51,78],"well-informed":[52],"about":[53],"what":[54],"kinds":[55],"systems,":[57],"both":[58],"algorithmic":[59],"human,":[61],"applying":[63],"interventions:":[65],"40%":[66],"believe":[67],"content":[69],"is":[70],"mostly":[71],"all":[73],"checked,":[74],"17.5%":[76],"sure,":[79],"with":[80],"errors":[81],"attributed":[82],"biased":[84],"judgment":[85],"more":[86],"than":[87],"any":[88],"other":[89,103],"cause,":[90],"across":[91],"political":[92,101],"parties.":[93],"Although":[94],"support":[95],"for":[96],"interventions":[97],"differs":[98],"considerably":[99],"by":[100],"party,":[102],"distinct":[104],"traits":[105],"predict":[106],"support,":[107],"including":[108],"trust":[109],"in":[110],"institutions,":[111],"frequent":[112],"social":[113],"usage,":[115],"exposure":[117],"\u201cappropriate\u201d":[119],"interventions.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
