{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3207964445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2021.09.016","title":"Performance of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) in absence of GPS observations","display_name":"Performance of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) in absence of GPS observations","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3207964445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2021.09.016","mag":"3207964445"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.asej.2021.09.016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2021.09.016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2021.09.016","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2090447921003543/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764993483","display_name":"Ain Shams Engineering Journal","issn_l":"2090-4479","issn":["2090-4479","2090-4495"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","norway-1","poland-100"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ain Shams Engineering Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2090447921003543/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069554499","display_name":"Islam Ashour","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107720978","display_name":"Ain Shams University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cb9w016","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Islam Ashour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066869284","display_name":"Mohamed El\u2010Tokhey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7817-0083","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7817-0083"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107720978","display_name":"Ain Shams University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cb9w016","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed El Tokhey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088760537","display_name":"Yasser Mogahed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5501-351X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5501-351X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107720978","display_name":"Ain Shams University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cb9w016","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasser Mogahed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084662721","display_name":"Ahmed Ragheb","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107720978","display_name":"Ain Shams University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cb9w016","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Ragheb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069554499"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"],"apc_list":{"value":860,"currency":"USD","value_usd":860},"apc_paid":{"value":860,"currency":"USD","value_usd":860},"fwci":1.6468,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81928596,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"2","first_page":"101589","last_page":"101589"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13487","display_name":"Statistical and numerical algorithms","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2604","display_name":"Applied Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13511","display_name":"Geodetic Measurements and Engineering Structures","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss","display_name":"GNSS","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gps-outages","display_name":"GPS outages","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glonass","display_name":"GLONASS","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galileo","display_name":"Galileo","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beidou-navigation-satellite-system","display_name":"BeiDou Navigation Satellite System","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positioning-accuracy","display_name":"positioning accuracy","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-positioning","display_name":"static positioning","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-constellations","display_name":"satellite constellations","score":0.48399999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.8987107276916504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102451475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486250","display_name":"GLONASS","level":4,"score":0.8852523565292358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.8458721041679382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177219330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193902","display_name":"Galileo (satellite navigation)","level":2,"score":0.8370968103408813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.7608953714370728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6153120398521423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93103318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980965","display_name":"Real Time Kinematic","level":4,"score":0.5393936038017273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5204606056213379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202511199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239503","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","level":4,"score":0.5119098424911499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36301306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179435","display_name":"Satellite navigation","level":3,"score":0.5095334649085999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4994990825653076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.41354861855506897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.4113544821739197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3738204836845398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2668730914592743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2326047122478485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11773255467414856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.08622530102729797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.asej.2021.09.016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2021.09.016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2021.09.016","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2090447921003543/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764993483","display_name":"Ain Shams Engineering Journal","issn_l":"2090-4479","issn":["2090-4479","2090-4495"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","norway-1","poland-100"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ain Shams Engineering Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9ce18f17815941b6b4f7c0b255f381a6","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9ce18f17815941b6b4f7c0b255f381a6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Ain Shams Engineering Journal, Vol 13, Iss 2, Pp 101589- (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.asej.2021.09.016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2021.09.016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2021.09.016","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2090447921003543/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764993483","display_name":"Ain Shams Engineering Journal","issn_l":"2090-4479","issn":["2090-4479","2090-4495"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","norway-1","poland-100"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ain Shams Engineering Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3207964445.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3207964445.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1633983593","https://openalex.org/W2086892817","https://openalex.org/W2236799481","https://openalex.org/W2339062368","https://openalex.org/W2611658453","https://openalex.org/W2955517800","https://openalex.org/W3003263134","https://openalex.org/W3031992210"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3138037819","https://openalex.org/W2375743639","https://openalex.org/W2889108093","https://openalex.org/W2954980273","https://openalex.org/W2576364882","https://openalex.org/W2945438440","https://openalex.org/W2739928734","https://openalex.org/W1971760893","https://openalex.org/W2061295560","https://openalex.org/W3190327805"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over":[0],"the":[1,14,21,57,67,82,93,107,114,123,158,167,214,221,225,237,244],"last":[2],"decades,":[3],"a":[4,30,39,196],"wide":[5],"range":[6],"of":[7,24,70,95,98,116,125,171],"applications":[8,240],"that":[9,50,150,176,232],"require":[10],"positioning":[11,16,41,55,121,173,182,198,215],"relied":[12],"on":[13,29],"global":[15,68],"system":[17],"(GPS)":[18],"established":[19],"by":[20,77,81,88,217],"US":[22],"Department":[23],"Defence":[25],"(DOD).":[26],"However,":[27],"depending":[28],"single":[31],"constellation":[32],"may":[33],"not":[34],"be":[35,52,202,234],"sufficient":[36],"to":[37,59,106,112,205],"guarantee":[38],"successful":[40],"accuracy":[42,94,108,185,216],"at":[43],"any":[44],"time.":[45],"Consequently,":[46],"having":[47],"several":[48],"constellations":[49,72,100,119],"can":[51,156,201,227,233],"used":[53,203],"for":[54,181,236],"offers":[56],"opportunity":[58],"maintain":[60],"continuous":[61],"positioning.":[62],"This":[63],"became":[64],"possible":[65],"with":[66],"coverage":[69],"other":[71],"such":[73],"as":[74,195],"GLONASS,":[75,152,210],"designed":[76,80,87],"Russia,":[78],"Galileo,":[79,153,209],"European":[83],"Union,":[84],"and":[85,104,154,191,211,243],"BeiDou,":[86],"China.":[89],"In":[90,165],"this":[91,128],"research,":[92],"using":[96,117,144,151,177],"each":[97],"these":[99,118],"individually":[101],"is":[102],"assessed":[103],"compared":[105],"obtained":[109],"from":[110,138],"GPS":[111,162],"validate":[113],"possibility":[115],"in":[120,122,141,188,241],"absence":[124],"GPS.":[126,207],"For":[127],"purpose,":[129],"Global":[130],"Navigation":[131],"Satellite":[132],"Systems":[133],"(GNSS)":[134],"data":[135],"were":[136],"collected":[137],"five":[139],"stations":[140],"Cairo,":[142],"Egypt":[143,242],"GNSS":[145],"receivers.":[146],"The":[147],"results":[148,174],"indicate":[149,175],"BeiDou":[155,212],"overcome":[157],"problematic":[159],"periods":[160],"during":[161],"signal":[163],"outages.":[164],"addition,":[166],"different":[168],"duration":[169],"lengths":[170],"static":[172],"GLONASS-only":[178],"or":[179],"BeiDou-only":[180],"provides":[183],"less":[184],"than":[186],"GPS-only":[187,222],"both":[189],"horizontal":[190],"vertical":[192],"directions.":[193],"Furthermore,":[194],"standalone":[197],"constellation,":[199],"Galileo":[200],"now":[204],"replace":[206],"Moreover,":[208],"improve":[213],"0.007":[218],"m":[219],"over":[220],"model.":[223],"Therefore,":[224],"solution":[226],"reach":[228],"reliable":[229],"precision":[230],"levels":[231],"exploited":[235],"high-accuracy-demanding":[238],"postprocessing":[239],"surrounding":[245],"area.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2021-10-25T00:00:00"}