{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3207672986","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.14945433.v1","title":"Incentive-Driven Federated Learning and Associated Security Challenges: A Systematic Review","display_name":"Incentive-Driven Federated Learning and Associated Security Challenges: A Systematic Review","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3207672986","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.14945433.v1","mag":"3207672986"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.36227/techrxiv.14945433.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.14945433.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.14945433.v1","pdf_url":"https://www.techrxiv.org/articles/preprint/Incentive-Driven_Federated_Learning_and_Associated_Security_Challenges_A_Systematic_Review/14945433/1/files/28773933.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.techrxiv.org/articles/preprint/Incentive-Driven_Federated_Learning_and_Associated_Security_Challenges_A_Systematic_Review/14945433/1/files/28773933.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063843862","display_name":"Asad M. Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6293-4771","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6293-4771"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323252656","display_name":"Information Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngv8j44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asad Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology University (ITU), Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology University (ITU), Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037786311","display_name":"Inaam Ilahi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6384-7466","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6384-7466"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323252656","display_name":"Information Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngv8j44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Inaam Ilahi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology University (ITU), Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology University (ITU), Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024012801","display_name":"Adnan Qayyum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6732-7601","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6732-7601"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323252656","display_name":"Information Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngv8j44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172780181","display_name":"University of the Punjab","ror":"https://ror.org/011maz450","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172780181"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adnan Qayyum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology University of the Punjab","Information Technology University (ITU), Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6732-7601","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology University of the Punjab","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656","https://openalex.org/I172780181"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology University (ITU), Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091701690","display_name":"Ihab Mohammed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8142-5171","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8142-5171"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117942362","display_name":"Western Illinois University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sshz518","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117942362"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ihab Mohammed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Western Illinois University (WIU), Illinois, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western Illinois University (WIU), Illinois, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117942362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008695053","display_name":"Ala Al\u2010Fuqaha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0903-1204","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0903-1204"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ala Al-Fuqaha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037574053","display_name":"Junaid Qadir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9466-2475","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9466-2475"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323252656","display_name":"Information Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngv8j44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junaid Qadir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology University (ITU), Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9466-2475","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology University (ITU), Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11614","display_name":"Cloud Data Security Solutions","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federated-learning","display_name":"federated learning","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive-mechanisms","display_name":"incentive mechanisms","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-protection","display_name":"privacy preservation","score":0.4729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-challenges","display_name":"security challenges","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reward-function-design","display_name":"reward function design","score":0.47699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/client-participation","display_name":"client participation","score":0.38100001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-learning","display_name":"distributed learning","score":0.574999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-principles","display_name":"design principles","score":0.38100001215934753}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.7802860140800476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7592374086380005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.7037761211395264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71901391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7126699","display_name":"Upload","level":2,"score":0.5565581917762756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99221444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1532069","display_name":"Private information retrieval","level":2,"score":0.46656978130340576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.42072346806526184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.39930349588394165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3758852183818817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33287882804870605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.27360451221466064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1654219925403595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.36227/techrxiv.14945433.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.14945433.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.14945433.v1","pdf_url":"https://www.techrxiv.org/articles/preprint/Incentive-Driven_Federated_Learning_and_Associated_Security_Challenges_A_Systematic_Review/14945433/1/files/28773933.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/14945433","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/preprint/Incentive-Driven_Federated_Learning_and_Associated_Security_Challenges_A_Systematic_Review/14945433","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.36227/techrxiv.14945433.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.14945433.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.14945433.v1","pdf_url":"https://www.techrxiv.org/articles/preprint/Incentive-Driven_Federated_Learning_and_Associated_Security_Challenges_A_Systematic_Review/14945433/1/files/28773933.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6546757642","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13S-0206-200273","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332753","funder_display_name":"Qatar National Research Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309815","display_name":"Qatar Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/01cawbq05"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321038","display_name":"Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/039z13y21"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332753","display_name":"Qatar National Research Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/01svaqq28"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3207672986.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3207672986.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":128,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W180236073","https://openalex.org/W869594549","https://openalex.org/W1527197079","https://openalex.org/W1536369969","https://openalex.org/W1673923490","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W1969778988","https://openalex.org/W1976179404","https://openalex.org/W1986909947","https://openalex.org/W2039104542","https://openalex.org/W2044429143","https://openalex.org/W2117349368","https://openalex.org/W2130527052","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2148063413","https://openalex.org/W2180612164","https://openalex.org/W2530417694","https://openalex.org/W2535838896","https://openalex.org/W2588977989","https://openalex.org/W2595182104","https://openalex.org/W2735001730","https://openalex.org/W2752689052","https://openalex.org/W2767079719","https://openalex.org/W2788816110","https://openalex.org/W2789911054","https://openalex.org/W2807006176","https://openalex.org/W2810065831","https://openalex.org/W2886444620","https://openalex.org/W2889157463","https://openalex.org/W2890103652","https://openalex.org/W2897450989","https://openalex.org/W2898035736","https://openalex.org/W2900120080","https://openalex.org/W2903356604","https://openalex.org/W2910870188","https://openalex.org/W2912213068","https://openalex.org/W2921000198","https://openalex.org/W2921189944","https://openalex.org/W2949769151","https://openalex.org/W2964130937","https://openalex.org/W2966804377","https://openalex.org/W2966844029","https://openalex.org/W2969394128","https://openalex.org/W2972882814","https://openalex.org/W2978422189","https://openalex.org/W2981220179","https://openalex.org/W2981556215","https://openalex.org/W2982409974","https://openalex.org/W2985145906","https://openalex.org/W2989120265","https://openalex.org/W2989677594","https://openalex.org/W2990614164","https://openalex.org/W2990700079","https://openalex.org/W2992272656","https://openalex.org/W2995022099","https://openalex.org/W2995164118","https://openalex.org/W3001989995","https://openalex.org/W3003426262","https://openalex.org/W3005294098","https://openalex.org/W3007199357","https://openalex.org/W3008477738","https://openalex.org/W3012501605","https://openalex.org/W3012990321","https://openalex.org/W3014517104","https://openalex.org/W3014790125","https://openalex.org/W3015515533","https://openalex.org/W3016169665","https://openalex.org/W3016216736","https://openalex.org/W3016378036","https://openalex.org/W3021573557","https://openalex.org/W3021654819","https://openalex.org/W3023574229","https://openalex.org/W3025029677","https://openalex.org/W3029829393","https://openalex.org/W3036727471","https://openalex.org/W3041260798","https://openalex.org/W3042070225","https://openalex.org/W3042339473","https://openalex.org/W3045317090","https://openalex.org/W3046357546","https://openalex.org/W3046449784","https://openalex.org/W3046653923","https://openalex.org/W3047040053","https://openalex.org/W3047742722","https://openalex.org/W3048295601","https://openalex.org/W3048634206","https://openalex.org/W3049097794","https://openalex.org/W3049676169","https://openalex.org/W3051272477","https://openalex.org/W3087391814","https://openalex.org/W3088682211","https://openalex.org/W3091826263","https://openalex.org/W3093606573","https://openalex.org/W3093711096","https://openalex.org/W3093739212","https://openalex.org/W3098064161","https://openalex.org/W3100366369","https://openalex.org/W3100789280","https://openalex.org/W3102460956","https://openalex.org/W3107423520","https://openalex.org/W3109051775","https://openalex.org/W3109176830","https://openalex.org/W3109705029","https://openalex.org/W3110368868","https://openalex.org/W3111354327","https://openalex.org/W3111419317","https://openalex.org/W3115760506","https://openalex.org/W3118170459","https://openalex.org/W3120480373","https://openalex.org/W3122462552","https://openalex.org/W3122794187","https://openalex.org/W3125186781","https://openalex.org/W3129802413","https://openalex.org/W3130992186","https://openalex.org/W3135231128","https://openalex.org/W3135472452","https://openalex.org/W3135590557","https://openalex.org/W3155898870","https://openalex.org/W3185309611","https://openalex.org/W3213330817","https://openalex.org/W4210968720","https://openalex.org/W4233311511","https://openalex.org/W4285723212","https://openalex.org/W4289276743","https://openalex.org/W4302039710","https://openalex.org/W4394644156","https://openalex.org/W6758713102","https://openalex.org/W6807800645"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386707300","https://openalex.org/W4408941179","https://openalex.org/W4288071417","https://openalex.org/W6959495055","https://openalex.org/W4280561677","https://openalex.org/W3204548382","https://openalex.org/W3135472452","https://openalex.org/W4312752274","https://openalex.org/W4404681428","https://openalex.org/W3109176830"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,272],"response":[1],"to":[2,24,45,86,91,98,110,121,134,138,168,182,236,268],"various":[3,264],"privacy":[4,111],"risks,":[5],"researchers":[6],"and":[7,90,108,172,186,229,261,292,298],"practitioners":[8],"have":[9,131,217],"been":[10,132,218],"exploring":[11],"different":[12],"paradigms":[13],"that":[14,59,113,175,249,303],"can":[15,60],"leverage":[16],"the":[17,36,39,72,125,156,173,176,187,195,199,203,237,245,252,290],"increased":[18],"computational":[19,100],"capabilities":[20],"of":[21,38,74,143,158,197,205,239,280,294],"consumer":[22],"devices":[23,44],"train":[25,87],"machine":[26,64],"(ML)":[27],"learning":[28,52],"models":[29,75,88,96,120,145],"in":[30,140,150,208],"a":[31,57,62,67,222,277],"distributed":[32,170],"fashion":[33],"without":[34],"requiring":[35],"uploading":[37],"training":[40,104,127,142],"data":[41,189],"from":[42,116],"individual":[43,206],"central":[46,68,177],"facilities.":[47],"For":[48],"this":[49,230,233,242],"purpose,":[50],"federated":[51],"(FL)":[53],"was":[54],"proposed":[55,133,219],"as":[56],"technique":[58],"learn":[61],"global":[63],"model":[65,103],"at":[66,105],"master":[69],"node":[70],"by":[71],"aggregation":[73],"trained":[76],"locally":[77,89],"using":[78],"private":[79,126],"data.":[80,128],"However,":[81,155],"organizations":[82],"may":[83,114],"be":[84],"reluctant":[85],"share":[92],"these":[93,119,258,295],"local":[94,148],"ML":[95,144],"due":[97,109,167],"required":[99,255,304],"resources":[101],"for":[102,152,163,191,220,256],"their":[106,147,269],"end":[107,136],"risks":[112],"result":[115],"adversaries":[117],"inverting":[118],"infer":[122],"information":[123,185],"about":[124],"Incentive":[129],"mechanisms":[130,216,260,266],"motivate":[135],"users":[137],"participate":[139],"collaborative":[141],"(using":[146],"data)":[149],"return":[151],"certain":[153],"rewards.":[154],"design":[157,253,270],"an":[159],"optimal":[160],"incentive":[161,215,259,265,296],"mechanism":[162],"FL":[164,209],"is":[165,227,244],"challenging":[166],"its":[169],"nature":[171],"fact":[174],"server":[178],"has":[179],"no":[180],"access":[181],"clients\u2019":[183],"hyperparameters":[184],"amount/quality":[188],"used":[190],"training,":[192],"which":[193],"makes":[194],"task":[196],"determining":[198],"reward":[200],"based":[201],"on":[202],"contribution":[204],"clients":[207],"environment":[210],"difficult.":[211],"Even":[212],"though":[213],"several":[214],"FL,":[221],"thorough":[223],"up-to-date":[224],"systematic":[225,247],"review":[226,248],"missing":[228],"paper":[231,243],"fills":[232],"gap.":[234],"According":[235],"best":[238],"our":[240],"knowledge,":[241],"first":[246],"comprehensively":[250],"enlists":[251],"principles":[254],"implementing":[257],"then":[262],"categorizes":[263],"according":[267],"principles.":[271],"addition,":[273],"we":[274,288],"also":[275],"provide":[276],"comprehensive":[278],"overview":[279],"security":[281],"challenges":[282],"associated":[283],"with":[284],"incentive-driven":[285],"FL.":[286],"Finally,":[287],"highlight":[289],"limitations":[291],"pitfalls":[293],"schemes":[297],"elaborate":[299],"upon":[300],"open-research":[301],"issues":[302],"further":[305],"research":[306],"attention.":[307]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2021-10-25T00:00:00"}
