{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3207371303","doi":null,"title":"Unchecked Power: Police Killings of Racial Minorities and the Mentally Ill","display_name":"Unchecked Power: Police Killings of Racial Minorities and the Mentally Ill","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3207371303","mag":"3207371303"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/113574","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2142/113574","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401358","display_name":"Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801919071","host_organization_name":"University of Illinois System","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091603441","display_name":"Reese Armstrong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6114-3536","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6114-3536"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reese Armstrong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030667716","display_name":"Nicole P. Cantoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7955-6439","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7955-6439"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicole Cantoni","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7955-6439","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13001","display_name":"Restraint-Related Deaths","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-violence","display_name":"police brutality","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lethal-force","display_name":"lethal force","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-disparities","display_name":"racial disparities","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-american-men","display_name":"African American men","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-disorders","display_name":"mental illness","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/severe-mental-illness","display_name":"severe mental illness","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-crisis-teams","display_name":"mobile crisis teams","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-policing","display_name":"community policing","score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-community-relations","display_name":"police-community relations","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-accountability","display_name":"police accountability","score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-reform","display_name":"police reform","score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-health","display_name":"mental health","score":0.6000000238418579}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780077968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1996993","display_name":"Police brutality","level":2,"score":0.9145875573158264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.6846671104431152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776674806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12135","display_name":"Mental illness","level":3,"score":0.5500789284706116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777617010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18957","display_name":"Mainstream","level":2,"score":0.511179506778717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4867987334728241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.48242101073265076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.47935372591018677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102587632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117488","display_name":"Criminal justice","level":2,"score":0.41527464985847473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.38820481300354004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134362201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317309","display_name":"Mental health","level":2,"score":0.33185985684394836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.30435454845428467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.27356547117233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2510990798473358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.17242741584777832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.17204353213310242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/113574","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2142/113574","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401358","display_name":"Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801919071","host_organization_name":"University of Illinois System","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3207371303","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ugresearchjournals.illinois.edu/index.php/juswr/article/view/742","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.9595999717712402,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.766700029373169,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5676000118255615,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2088489043","https://openalex.org/W2136440942","https://openalex.org/W2156721028","https://openalex.org/W2806048759","https://openalex.org/W2965198355"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4292560515","https://openalex.org/W3207162038","https://openalex.org/W7014743846","https://openalex.org/W2809472886","https://openalex.org/W3195132792","https://openalex.org/W3139133020","https://openalex.org/W3205106466","https://openalex.org/W2971652078","https://openalex.org/W3081292189","https://openalex.org/W2808783924"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"Police":[1],"brutality":[2,81,173,330],"has":[3,20,82],"gained":[4],"a":[5,223,303,390,395],"great":[6],"amount":[7],"of":[8,25,31,61,114,122,146,159,205,225,244,256,277,283,312,328,370,382],"attention":[9],"in":[10,37,64,178,252,306,331,355,405],"both":[11,108,346],"mainstream":[12],"and":[13,57,68,117,128,141,174,335,348,380],"social":[14],"media":[15],"over":[16],"the":[17,22,29,32,38,78,84,105,147,179,235,245,275,284,326,332,336,378],"years.":[18],"It":[19],"plagued":[21],"non-dominant":[23],"groups":[24],"our":[26],"society":[27],"since":[28],"inception":[30],"first":[33],"centralized":[34],"police":[35,62,80,112,120,157,172,177,198,251,316,329,356],"departments":[36],"mid":[39],"to":[40,46,49,55,66,95,155,270,360,366,407],"late":[41],"1800\u2019s":[42],"(History,":[43],"2020)":[44],"andcontinues":[45],"impact":[47,79],"them":[48,409],"this":[50,103],"day.":[51],"This":[52,323,372],"paper":[53,373],"seeks":[54],"analyze":[56],"review":[58,324],"journal":[59,109],"articles":[60,110,167],"homicides":[63],"relation":[65],"race":[67,347],"mental":[69,132,240,257,265,300,349,391],"illness.":[70,133],"From":[71],"there,":[72],"literature":[73,88],"was":[74,93,302],"reviewed":[75,94,107,169],"that":[76,170,345],"examined":[77,171],"on":[83,338,377,399],"surrounding":[85,339],"community.":[86],"Finally,":[87],"around":[89],"mobile":[90,383],"crisis":[91,384],"teams":[92,387,402],"examine":[96,367],"an":[97,281],"alternative":[98,368],"policing":[99],"model.":[100],"Methods:":[101],"For":[102,261],"paper,":[104],"authors":[106],"examining":[111,119],"use":[113,121,158,379],"lethal":[115,123],"force,":[116],"studies":[118,342],"force":[124,160],"among":[125,129],"racial":[126],"minorities":[127],"individuals":[130],"with":[131,239,263,394],"Although":[134],"official":[135],"government":[136],"data":[137,150],"is":[138,286,403],"often":[139],"incomplete":[140],"unreliable":[142],"(Frankham,":[143,259],"2018),":[144],"many":[145,195,308],"sources":[148],"utilize":[149],"taken":[151],"from":[152],"journalistic":[153],"efforts":[154],"catalogue":[156],"(e.g.,":[161],"Fatal":[162],"Encounters":[163],"project).":[164],"Results:":[165],"Several":[166],"were":[168],"response.":[175],"First,":[176],"United":[180,333],"States":[181,334],"kill":[182],"33.5":[183],"people":[184,248],"for":[185,237,291],"every":[186,313],"10":[187],"million":[188],"people,":[189],"more":[190],"than":[191,290],"three":[192],"times":[193,288],"as":[194,196,307,309,410],"Canadian":[197],"(Jones":[199],"&":[200],"Sawyer,":[201],"2020).":[202],"In":[203,358],"terms":[204],"race,":[206],"nearly":[207,242],"100":[208],"African":[209],"American":[210],"men":[211,218],"are":[212,219,268,352],"killed":[213,221,279],"per":[214,227],"100,000,":[215],"while":[216],"White":[217],"only":[220],"at":[222,234],"rate":[224],"40":[226],"100,000":[228],"(Edwards":[229],"et":[230,295,319],"al.,":[231,296,320],"2019).":[232],"Looking":[233],"statistics":[236],"those":[238,262],"illness,":[241],"25%":[243],"roughly":[246],"2,000":[247],"shot":[249],"by":[250,280],"2015-2016":[253],"exhibited":[254],"signs":[255],"illness":[258,266],"2018).":[260],"severe":[264],"who":[267],"unable":[269],"afford":[271],"or":[272],"find":[273],"treatment,":[274],"risk":[276],"being":[278],"officer":[282],"law":[285],"16":[287],"greater":[289],"other":[292],"citizens":[293],"(Fuller,":[294,318],"2015).":[297,321],"Research":[298],"shows":[299],"health":[301,350,392],"leading":[304],"factor":[305],"one":[310],"out":[311],"two":[314],"fatal":[315],"encounters":[317],"Discussion:":[322],"showed":[325],"pervasiveness":[327],"effect":[337],"communities.":[340],"These":[341,386],"also":[343],"show":[344],"status":[351],"significant":[353],"factors":[354],"brutality.":[357],"response":[359,401],"these":[361,400],"statistics,":[362],"researchers":[363],"have":[364],"begun":[365],"methods":[369],"policing.":[371],"examines":[374],"current":[375],"research":[376,398],"effectiveness":[381],"teams.":[385],"typically":[388],"pair":[389],"professional":[393],"paramedic.":[396],"More":[397],"necessary":[404],"order":[406],"deem":[408],"evidence":[411],"based.":[412]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-07T09:51:55.459714","created_date":"2021-10-25T00:00:00"}