{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3207102487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21206764","title":"Fusion Method to Estimate Heart Rate from Facial Videos Based on RPPG and RBCG","display_name":"Fusion Method to Estimate Heart Rate from Facial Videos Based on RPPG and RBCG","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3207102487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21206764","mag":"3207102487","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34695976","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8538239"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21206764","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21206764","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21206764","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/20/6764/pdf?version=1634179501","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W3207102487"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/20/6764/pdf?version=1634179501","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100334316","display_name":"Hyun\u2013Woo Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5173-726X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5173-726X","https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4649-8289"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157264075","display_name":"Sangmyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01x4whx42","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyunwoo Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Emotion Engineering, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5173-726X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Emotion Engineering, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025837786","display_name":"Ayoung Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0035-3853","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0035-3853"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157264075","display_name":"Sangmyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01x4whx42","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayoung Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Emotion Engineering, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0035-3853","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Emotion Engineering, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083471750","display_name":"Mincheol Whang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4301-9089","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4301-9089"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157264075","display_name":"Sangmyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01x4whx42","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mincheol Whang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligence Informatics Engineering, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligence Informatics Engineering, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083471750"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"],"apc_list":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2376},"apc_paid":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2376},"fwci":0.8176,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64246044,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"20","first_page":"6764","last_page":"6764"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-rate-estimation","display_name":"heart rate estimation","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-photoplethysmography","display_name":"remote photoplethysmography","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-video","display_name":"facial video","score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blind-source-separation","display_name":"blind source separation","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/independent-component-analysis","display_name":"independent component analysis","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"principal component analysis","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-averaging","display_name":"ensemble averaging","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimodal-fusion","display_name":"multimodal fusion","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion-artifacts","display_name":"motion artifacts","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-contact-vital-sign-monitoring","display_name":"non-contact vital sign monitoring","score":0.781000018119812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7210758328437805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.705710768699646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6954283714294434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6518421769142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.5723925232887268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5370501279830933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51432778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1259145","display_name":"Independent component analysis","level":2,"score":0.5234296321868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116390426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187885","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","level":3,"score":0.4872211515903473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.47782281041145325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4452908933162689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.4121095836162567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.365601122379303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.08300471305847168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001450","descriptor_name":"Ballistocardiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016477","descriptor_name":"Artifacts","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21206764","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21206764","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21206764","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/20/6764/pdf?version=1634179501","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34695976","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34695976","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8538239","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8538239/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:950159017de7422e9577fde306baf6e0","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/950159017de7422e9577fde306baf6e0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 20, p 6764 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21206764","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21206764","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21206764","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/20/6764/pdf?version=1634179501","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.428600013256073,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4484368752","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"21ZS1100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322093","funder_display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322093","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3207102487.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3207102487.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W160696605","https://openalex.org/W328151516","https://openalex.org/W1984026713","https://openalex.org/W1984554603","https://openalex.org/W1991985091","https://openalex.org/W2044935899","https://openalex.org/W2069692225","https://openalex.org/W2091717878","https://openalex.org/W2149628368","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2162273778","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2247908160","https://openalex.org/W2295567513","https://openalex.org/W2402144811","https://openalex.org/W2461101863","https://openalex.org/W2566460263","https://openalex.org/W2619132050","https://openalex.org/W2771521703","https://openalex.org/W2784126800","https://openalex.org/W2963566548","https://openalex.org/W3048339597","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3201736962","https://openalex.org/W3217560493"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4285992164","https://openalex.org/W7203712428","https://openalex.org/W3029866258","https://openalex.org/W7156286695","https://openalex.org/W4378804459","https://openalex.org/W3132124275","https://openalex.org/W4312883013","https://openalex.org/W4285800614","https://openalex.org/W3133613174","https://openalex.org/W2972175247"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Remote":[0],"sensing":[1,73,88,140,223],"of":[2,43,49,62,71,78,103,127,138,205,227],"vital":[3],"signs":[4],"has":[5],"been":[6,115],"developed":[7],"to":[8,107,151,195],"improve":[9,133],"the":[10,40,44,52,59,63,76,92,109,130,134,161,212,221,225,231,244],"measurement":[11,251],"environment":[12],"by":[13,47,66,160,183,236],"using":[14],"a":[15,18,148],"camera":[16],"without":[17],"skin-contact":[19],"sensor.":[20],"The":[21,33,68,84,178,201],"camera-based":[22],"method":[23,97,150,180,214,233,246],"is":[24,74],"based":[25,155,215],"on":[26,86,91,156,216],"two":[27],"concepts,":[28],"namely":[29],"color":[30,41],"and":[31,81,129,136,158,173,189,198,218,242],"motion.":[32],"color-based":[34],"method,":[35,54],"remote":[36,55,72,87,139,222],"photoplethysmography":[37],"(RPPG),":[38],"measures":[39,58],"variation":[42],"face":[45],"generated":[46,65],"reflectance":[48],"blood,":[50],"whereas":[51],"motion-based":[53],"ballistocardiography":[56],"(RBCG),":[57],"subtle":[60],"motion":[61,82,199],"head":[64],"heartbeat.":[67],"main":[69,203],"challenge":[70],"overcoming":[75],"noise":[77],"illumination":[79,196],"variance":[80,197],"artifacts.":[83,200],"studies":[85],"have":[89,113],"focused":[90],"blind":[93],"source":[94],"separation":[95],"(BSS)":[96],"for":[98,253],"RGB":[99],"colors":[100,128],"or":[101],"motions":[102,131],"multiple":[104],"facial":[105],"points":[106],"overcome":[108],"noise.":[110],"However,":[111],"they":[112],"still":[114],"limited":[116],"in":[117,141,249],"their":[118],"real-world":[119],"applications.":[120,256],"This":[121],"study":[122,146,207],"hypothesized":[123],"that":[124],"BSS-based":[125],"combining":[126],"can":[132],"accuracy":[135],"feasibility":[137],"daily":[142],"life.":[143],"Thus,":[144],"this":[145,206],"proposed":[147,179,213,232,245],"fusion":[149],"estimate":[152],"heart":[153],"rate":[154],"RPPG":[157,188,217],"RBCG":[159,190,219],"BSS":[162],"methods":[163],"such":[164],"as":[165,209],"ensemble":[166],"averaging":[167],"(EA),":[168],"principal":[169],"component":[170,175],"analysis":[171,176],"(PCA),":[172],"independent":[174],"(ICA).":[177],"was":[181,234,247],"verified":[182],"comparing":[184,237],"it":[185,238],"with":[186,224,239],"previous":[187,240],"from":[191],"three":[192,202],"datasets":[193],"according":[194],"contributions":[204],"are":[208],"follows:":[210],"(1)":[211],"improved":[220],"benefits":[226],"each":[228],"measurement;":[229],"(2)":[230],"demonstrated":[235],"methods;":[241],"(3)":[243],"tested":[248],"various":[250],"conditions":[252],"more":[254],"practical":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2021-10-25T00:00:00"}
