{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3206876208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-021-00279-7","title":"Detecting Children\u2019s Fine Motor Skill Development using Machine Learning","display_name":"Detecting Children\u2019s Fine Motor Skill Development using Machine Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3206876208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-021-00279-7","mag":"3206876208"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40593-021-00279-7","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-021-00279-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-021-00279-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171267539","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","issn_l":"1560-4292","issn":["1560-4292","1560-4306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-021-00279-7","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010893488","display_name":"Seth Polsley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8805-8375","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8805-8375"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Seth Polsley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8805-8375","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008877724","display_name":"Larry Powell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9525-0405","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9525-0405"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Larry Powell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060331748","display_name":"Hong-Hoe Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5784-3282","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5784-3282"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong-Hoe Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Research America, Burlington, MA, 01803, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Research America, Burlington, MA, 01803, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110737581","display_name":"Xien Thomas","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xien Thomas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013556275","display_name":"Jeffrey Liew","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0784-8448","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0784-8448"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey Liew","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075250507","display_name":"Tracy Hammond","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7272-0507","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7272-0507"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tracy Hammond","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010893488"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"],"apc_list":{"value":2780,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2780},"apc_paid":{"value":2780,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2780},"fwci":4.7678,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94490468,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"4","first_page":"991","last_page":"1024"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12241","display_name":"Children's Physical and Motor Development","score":0.7807999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12241","display_name":"Children's Physical and Motor Development","score":0.7807999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12060","display_name":"Child Development and Digital Technology","score":0.0340999998152256,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10982","display_name":"Motor Control and Adaptation","score":0.030300000682473183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drawing-analysis","display_name":"drawing analysis","score":0.42500001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curvature-properties","display_name":"curvature properties","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corner-features","display_name":"corner features","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-based-testing","display_name":"computer-based testing","score":0.5329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/young-children","display_name":"young children","score":0.5580000281333923}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169976356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13208902","display_name":"Motor skill","level":2,"score":0.6455051898956299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5280436277389526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109260823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407784","display_name":"Child development","level":2,"score":0.4503364861011505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4447077214717865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779231336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534724","display_name":"Sketch","level":2,"score":0.4345889985561371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39903151988983154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.20859062671661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40593-021-00279-7","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-021-00279-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-021-00279-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171267539","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","issn_l":"1560-4292","issn":["1560-4292","1560-4306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40593-021-00279-7","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-021-00279-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-021-00279-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171267539","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","issn_l":"1560-4292","issn":["1560-4292","1560-4306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4156000018119812,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W6905414","https://openalex.org/W79025890","https://openalex.org/W1507985183","https://openalex.org/W1510963007","https://openalex.org/W1524856882","https://openalex.org/W1565000854","https://openalex.org/W1610208282","https://openalex.org/W1806268894","https://openalex.org/W1964798731","https://openalex.org/W1970277221","https://openalex.org/W1973757694","https://openalex.org/W1978917719","https://openalex.org/W1990614834","https://openalex.org/W2007093942","https://openalex.org/W2024533803","https://openalex.org/W2027505757","https://openalex.org/W2029150399","https://openalex.org/W2029948682","https://openalex.org/W2038744754","https://openalex.org/W2044528720","https://openalex.org/W2046448695","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2059913338","https://openalex.org/W2080009145","https://openalex.org/W2082472820","https://openalex.org/W2083501243","https://openalex.org/W2089077920","https://openalex.org/W2092770432","https://openalex.org/W2096592013","https://openalex.org/W2100281410","https://openalex.org/W2100802005","https://openalex.org/W2122176802","https://openalex.org/W2130446112","https://openalex.org/W2133990480","https://openalex.org/W2135731612","https://openalex.org/W2142235677","https://openalex.org/W2146272590","https://openalex.org/W2151587492","https://openalex.org/W2153360297","https://openalex.org/W2156550843","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2167274204","https://openalex.org/W2171264341","https://openalex.org/W2175498352","https://openalex.org/W2339468765","https://openalex.org/W2404856999","https://openalex.org/W2476213249","https://openalex.org/W2517451247","https://openalex.org/W2517752728","https://openalex.org/W2615558793","https://openalex.org/W2627364663","https://openalex.org/W2728192153","https://openalex.org/W2750550270","https://openalex.org/W2791969216","https://openalex.org/W2883852503","https://openalex.org/W2950694380","https://openalex.org/W2991016614","https://openalex.org/W3036598470","https://openalex.org/W3150545588","https://openalex.org/W4240256148","https://openalex.org/W6607176823"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4283453889","https://openalex.org/W2748823135","https://openalex.org/W4410194098","https://openalex.org/W2346495610","https://openalex.org/W7036613052","https://openalex.org/W3123976372","https://openalex.org/W4244436015","https://openalex.org/W2339468765","https://openalex.org/W1973757694","https://openalex.org/W4409312290"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Children\u2019s":[0],"fine":[1,71,118,166,197,229,273],"motor":[2,72,119,167,198,230,274],"skills":[3,73],"are":[4,68],"linked":[5],"not":[6],"only":[7],"to":[8,13,128,173,211,228],"drawing":[9,79,90,237],"ability":[10],"but":[11],"also":[12,257],"cognitive,":[14],"social-emotional,":[15],"self-regulatory,":[16],"and":[17,59,99,126,139,215,235,252,261],"academic":[18],"development":[19],"Suggate":[20],"et":[21,36,42,61,82,94,101,134,141,160,247],"al.":[22,37,43,62,83,95,102,135,142,161,248],"Journal":[23],"of":[24,176,195,242,253,264],"Research":[25],"in":[26],"Reading":[27],",":[28,30,48,50],"41(1)":[29],"1\u201319":[31],"(":[32,38,52,56,63,84,96,103,136,143,162,249],"2018":[33],"),":[34,40,54,164],"Benedetti":[35],"2014":[39,64],"Liew":[41,55,100],"Early":[44],"Education":[45],"&":[46],"Development":[47],"22(4)":[49],"549\u2013573":[51],"2011":[53,104],"2012":[57,163],")":[58,86,98,105,138,251],"Xie":[60],").":[65,145],"Current":[66],"educators":[67],"assessing":[69],"children\u2019s":[70,117,196,221],"by":[74,179],"either":[75],"determining":[76],"their":[77,89],"shape":[78],"correctness":[80],"Meisels":[81],"1997":[85,97],"or":[87,131,157],"measuring":[88],"time":[91,124],"duration":[92],"Kochanska":[93],"through":[106],"paper-based":[107,177],"assessments.":[108],"However,":[109],"these":[110],"methods":[111],"involve":[112],"human":[113,129,254],"experts":[114],"manually":[115],"analyzing":[116,193],"skills,":[120,238],"which":[121,268],"can":[122],"be":[123],"consuming":[125],"prone":[127],"error":[130],"bias":[132],"Kim":[133,246],"2013":[137,250],"Lotz":[140],"2005":[144],"With":[146],"many":[147],"children":[148,208],"using":[149,180],"sketch-based":[150],"applications":[151],"on":[152,225],"mobile":[153],"devices":[154],"like":[155],"smartphones":[156],"tablets":[158],"Anthony":[159],"computer-based":[165],"skill":[168,199],"assessment":[169,178],"has":[170],"the":[171,240],"potential":[172],"address":[174],"limitations":[175],"automated":[181,272],"measurements.":[182],"In":[183],"this":[184],"work,":[185],"we":[186,216],"introduce":[187],"a":[188,203],"machine":[189],"learning":[190],"approach":[191],"for":[192,233],"aspects":[194],"development.":[200],"We":[201,256],"performed":[202],"study":[204],"with":[205],"60":[206],"young":[207],"(aged":[209],"3":[210],"8":[212],"years":[213],"old),":[214],"implemented":[217],"classifiers":[218],"that":[219],"determine":[220],"age":[222],"category":[223],"based":[224],"features":[226,267],"related":[227],"skill,":[231],"predominantly":[232],"curvature-":[234],"corner-based":[236],"surpassing":[239],"performance":[241],"our":[243],"previous":[244],"work":[245],"evaluators.":[255],"present":[258],"dedicated":[259],"discussion":[260],"statistical":[262],"testing":[263],"sketch":[265],"recognition":[266],"will":[269],"further":[270],"enhance":[271],"assessment.":[275]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2021-10-25T00:00:00"}