{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3206440491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190946814.003.0009","title":"The Historical Challenge to Realism and Essential Deployment","display_name":"The Historical Challenge to Realism and Essential Deployment","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3206440491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190946814.003.0009","mag":"3206440491"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/oso/9780190946814.003.0009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190946814.003.0009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190946814.003.0009","pdf_url":"https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/downloadpdf/10.1093/oso/9780190946814.001.0001/oso-9780190946814-chapter-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463708","display_name":"Oxford University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Contemporary Scientific Realism","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4289720186","display_name":"Contemporary Scientific Realism"},"type":"book-chapter","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/downloadpdf/10.1093/oso/9780190946814.001.0001/oso-9780190946814-chapter-9.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006583128","display_name":"Mario Alai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8211-2871","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8211-2871"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190397597","display_name":"University of Urbino","ror":"https://ror.org/04q4kt073","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190397597"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB","IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mario Alai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pure and Applied Sciences-Universit\u00e0 di Urbino Carlo Bo Acad\u00e9mie Internationale de Philosophie des Sciences","Oxford University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pure and Applied Sciences-Universit\u00e0 di Urbino Carlo Bo Acad\u00e9mie Internationale de Philosophie des Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190397597"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006583128"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190397597","https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.7844,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97882644,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"183","last_page":"215"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation","score":0.9253000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation","score":0.9253000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13558","display_name":"Logic and Philosophy of Science","score":0.039900001138448715,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11477","display_name":"Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics","score":0.025800000876188278,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/essentiality","display_name":"essentiality","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occam-s-razor","display_name":"Occam's razor","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laudan","display_name":"Laudan","score":0.38100001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lyon","display_name":"Lyon","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proper-parts","display_name":"proper parts","score":0.49300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-realism","display_name":"scientific realism","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underdetermination-of-theory-by-evidence","display_name":"underdetermination of theory by evidence","score":0.5460000038146973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C543847140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2642826","display_name":"Realism","level":2,"score":0.8365222215652466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778875440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170774","display_name":"Miracle","level":2,"score":0.7421281933784485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.7233575582504272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6775400638580322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.5155556201934814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.41461920738220215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.28834283351898193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.06915727257728577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.06185120344161987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/oso/9780190946814.003.0009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190946814.003.0009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190946814.003.0009","pdf_url":"https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/downloadpdf/10.1093/oso/9780190946814.001.0001/oso-9780190946814-chapter-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463708","display_name":"Oxford University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Contemporary Scientific Realism","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philsci-archive.pitt.edu:23319","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/23319/1/The%20Historical%20Challenge%20to%20Realism%20and%20Essential%20Deployment-proof2.pdf","pdf_url":"https://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/23319/1/The%20Historical%20Challenge%20to%20Realism%20and%20Essential%20Deployment-proof2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401282","display_name":"PhilSci-Archive (University of Pittsburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","host_organization_name":"University of Pittsburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Published Article or Volume"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philpapers.org/rec/ALATHC-2","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://philpapers.org/rec/ALATHC-2","pdf_url":"https://philpapers.org/archive/ALATHC-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ora.uniurb.it:11576/2678534","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11576/2678534","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196377","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutional Research information system (University of Urbino)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I190397597","host_organization_name":"University of Urbino","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190397597"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philarchive.org/rec/ALATHC-2","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://philarchive.org/rec/ALATHC-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philarchive.org/rec/ALATHC-3","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://philarchive.org/rec/ALATHC-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philpapers.org/rec/ALATHC-3","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://philpapers.org/rec/ALATHC-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/oso/9780190946814.003.0009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190946814.003.0009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190946814.003.0009","pdf_url":"https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/downloadpdf/10.1093/oso/9780190946814.001.0001/oso-9780190946814-chapter-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463708","display_name":"Oxford University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Contemporary Scientific Realism","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G15967578","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PRIN_2017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321873","funder_display_name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2241683054","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PRIN 2015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321873","funder_display_name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321873","display_name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","ror":"https://ror.org/0166hxq48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326524","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo","ror":"https://ror.org/04q4kt073"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3206440491.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3206440491.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W27734080","https://openalex.org/W133309779","https://openalex.org/W287031440","https://openalex.org/W1497203095","https://openalex.org/W1608679236","https://openalex.org/W1786998938","https://openalex.org/W1963661792","https://openalex.org/W1982095996","https://openalex.org/W2000837769","https://openalex.org/W2009427183","https://openalex.org/W2010463828","https://openalex.org/W2044109487","https://openalex.org/W2052724076","https://openalex.org/W2054363930","https://openalex.org/W2056215376","https://openalex.org/W2067477235","https://openalex.org/W2082150619","https://openalex.org/W2176347003","https://openalex.org/W2180982118","https://openalex.org/W2319657696","https://openalex.org/W2339474289","https://openalex.org/W2345573042","https://openalex.org/W2482697423","https://openalex.org/W2493481646","https://openalex.org/W2501366681","https://openalex.org/W2592002802","https://openalex.org/W2626674121","https://openalex.org/W2788052867","https://openalex.org/W2940472596","https://openalex.org/W3048830680","https://openalex.org/W6855504217","https://openalex.org/W7000509932"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2482697423","https://openalex.org/W6982392868","https://openalex.org/W7019785240","https://openalex.org/W2788052867","https://openalex.org/W1013091994","https://openalex.org/W2044109487","https://openalex.org/W1963661792","https://openalex.org/W2160053312","https://openalex.org/W182125083","https://openalex.org/W2229047784"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"chapter":[2,73,133],"outlines":[3],"how":[4],"Deployment":[5,43,62,106,158],"Realism":[6,44,63,107],"resists":[7],"Laudan":[8],"and":[9,54,61,84,99,105,148],"Lyons\u2019s":[10,97],"objections":[11],"to":[12,48,127],"the":[13,50,57,101,129],"\u201cNo":[14],"Miracle":[15,59,103],"Argument\u201d":[16],"by":[17,81],"arguing":[18],"that":[19,42,56,75,85,95],"a":[20,32,90,113,152],"hypothesis":[21,114],"is":[22,28,79,115,145,150],"most":[23],"probably":[24],"true":[25],"when":[26,117],"it":[27,118,149],"deployed":[29,52,68],"essentially":[30],"in":[31,88],"novel":[33],"prediction.":[34,131],"Criticizing":[35],"Psillos\u2019s":[36],"criterion":[37],"of":[38,93],"essentiality,":[39],"Lyons":[40],"argued":[41],"must":[45],"committed":[46],"itself":[47],"all":[49],"actually":[51,67],"assumptions":[53,69],"concluded":[55],"No":[58,102],"Argument":[60,104],"fail,":[64],"since":[65],"many":[66],"proved":[70],"false.":[71],"The":[72,132],"replies":[74],"an":[76,155],"essentiality":[77,94,137],"condition":[78],"required":[80],"Occam\u2019s":[82],"razor":[83],"there":[86],"is,":[87],"fact,":[89],"simpler":[91],"formulation":[92],"escapes":[96],"criticisms":[98],"rescues":[100],"from":[108],"their":[109],"purported":[110],"historical":[111],"counterexamples:":[112],"essential":[116],"has":[119],"no":[120],"proper":[121],"parts":[122],"(in":[123],"Yablo\u2019s":[124],"sense)":[125],"sufficient":[126],"derive":[128],"same":[130],"concludes":[134],"that,":[135],"although":[136],"so":[138],"conceived":[139],"cannot":[140],"be":[141],"detected":[142],"prospectively,":[143],"this":[144],"just":[146],"natural,":[147],"not":[151],"problem":[153],"but":[154],"advantage":[156],"for":[157],"Realism.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2021-10-25T00:00:00"}