{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3206353702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2021.114045","title":"Antimicrobial Use in Commercial Poultry Production Systems in Kiambu County, Kenya: A Cross-Sectional Survey on Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices","display_name":"Antimicrobial Use in Commercial Poultry Production Systems in Kiambu County, Kenya: A Cross-Sectional Survey on Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3206353702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2021.114045","mag":"3206353702"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4236/ojas.2021.114045","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2021.114045","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2021.114045","pdf_url":"https://content.scirp.org/pdf/ojas_2021101115085680.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764361713","display_name":"Open Journal of Animal Sciences","issn_l":"2161-7597","issn":["2161-7597","2161-7627"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320480","host_organization_name":"Scientific Research Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320480"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Scientific Research Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Journal of Animal Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://content.scirp.org/pdf/ojas_2021101115085680.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013770521","display_name":"James Gakunga Ndukui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9311-0051","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9311-0051"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12859529","display_name":"University of Nairobi","ror":"https://ror.org/02y9nww90","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82889322","display_name":"Catholic University of Eastern Africa","ror":"https://ror.org/02jm1re07","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82889322"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"James G. Ndukui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Nursing, Catholic University of Eastern Africa, Langata Campus, Nairobi, Kenya","Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Nursing, Catholic University of Eastern Africa, Langata Campus, Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82889322"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113165498","display_name":"Joseph Kangangi Gikunju","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26805570","display_name":"Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/015h5sy57","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26805570"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph K. Gikunju","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Science, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Science, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26805570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052613002","display_name":"Gabriel Oluga Aboge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6328-486X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6328-486X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12859529","display_name":"University of Nairobi","ror":"https://ror.org/02y9nww90","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel O. Aboge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002514946","display_name":"James Mucunu Mbaria","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1828-9319","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1828-9319"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12859529","display_name":"University of Nairobi","ror":"https://ror.org/02y9nww90","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James M. Mbaria","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013770521"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12859529","https://openalex.org/I82889322"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0181,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79187738,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"04","first_page":"658","last_page":"681"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10897","display_name":"Antibiotic Use and Resistance","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10897","display_name":"Antibiotic Use and Resistance","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10486","display_name":"Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10147","display_name":"Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2726","display_name":"Microbiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antimicrobial-use","display_name":"antimicrobial use","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commercial-poultry-production","display_name":"commercial poultry production","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibiotic-resistance","display_name":"antibiotic resistance","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-attitudes-and-practices","display_name":"knowledge, attitudes and practices","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poultry-farmers","display_name":"poultry farmers","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-medication","display_name":"self-medication","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-to-veterinary-services","display_name":"veterinary services access","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antimicrobial-stewardship","display_name":"antimicrobial stewardship","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tetracycline","display_name":"tetracycline","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amoxicillin","display_name":"amoxicillin","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poultry-disease-control","display_name":"poultry disease control","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kiambu-county","display_name":"Kiambu County","score":0.8610000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66914385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861182","display_name":"Poultry farming","level":2,"score":0.6575148105621338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.5951125621795654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5443429946899414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37621935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3606845","display_name":"Agricultural science","level":1,"score":0.5341315269470215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5034992098808289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.4999983310699463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.47810977697372437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94665300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63391344","display_name":"Antibiotic resistance","level":3,"score":0.4551543891429901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.4347001016139984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2426938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3355478","display_name":"Medical prescription","level":2,"score":0.4255572259426117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4937899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68541106","display_name":"Antimicrobial","level":2,"score":0.4152156114578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150903083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108","display_name":"Biotechnology","level":1,"score":0.3627987802028656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.30809837579727173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42972112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170201","display_name":"Veterinary medicine","level":1,"score":0.3001478910446167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.284182608127594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501593827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187","display_name":"Antibiotics","level":2,"score":0.20144599676132202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.136849045753479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.11314257979393005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4236/ojas.2021.114045","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2021.114045","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2021.114045","pdf_url":"https://content.scirp.org/pdf/ojas_2021101115085680.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764361713","display_name":"Open Journal of Animal Sciences","issn_l":"2161-7597","issn":["2161-7597","2161-7627"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320480","host_organization_name":"Scientific Research Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320480"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Scientific Research Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Journal of Animal Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4236/ojas.2021.114045","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2021.114045","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2021.114045","pdf_url":"https://content.scirp.org/pdf/ojas_2021101115085680.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764361713","display_name":"Open Journal of Animal Sciences","issn_l":"2161-7597","issn":["2161-7597","2161-7627"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320480","host_organization_name":"Scientific Research Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320480"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Scientific Research Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Journal of Animal Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.8409000039100647,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.5683000087738037,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3206353702.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3206353702.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W990471627","https://openalex.org/W1691005770","https://openalex.org/W1930715213","https://openalex.org/W1977259533","https://openalex.org/W1981016118","https://openalex.org/W1998222497","https://openalex.org/W2001700040","https://openalex.org/W2009967009","https://openalex.org/W2015560540","https://openalex.org/W2096828556","https://openalex.org/W2118500418","https://openalex.org/W2171402066","https://openalex.org/W2207288715","https://openalex.org/W2318243740","https://openalex.org/W2801790012","https://openalex.org/W2953668736","https://openalex.org/W2966061182","https://openalex.org/W3111574078","https://openalex.org/W4234521239"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4313560437","https://openalex.org/W4392452696","https://openalex.org/W7216223877","https://openalex.org/W4313499706","https://openalex.org/W4321605275","https://openalex.org/W4386168793","https://openalex.org/W4206781993","https://openalex.org/W4309108122","https://openalex.org/W3040731790","https://openalex.org/W7166649701"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Antibiotic":[1],"resistance":[2,46],"is":[3,48,304,323],"putting":[4],"the":[5,11,19,45,65,70,112,142,163,193,197,221,250,256,265,288,326,333,347,363],"commercial":[6,61,85,103,153,165,298,354],"poultry":[7,39,86,104,154,166,245,299,355],"production":[8,62,87,105,155],"systems":[9,63,88,106,156],"across":[10,64],"globe":[12,66],"at":[13],"risk":[14],"of":[15,21,36,89,107,114,144,157,162,179,196,212,220,230,249,269,290,313,350,359,365],"losses":[16],"due":[17],"to":[18,44,76,110,140,281,344],"failure":[20],"treatments":[22],"for":[23,175,337],"animals":[24],"and":[25,34,53,94,117,124,147,202,205,234,271,276,292,362],"human":[26],"health":[27],"which":[28,322],"has":[29],"been":[30],"associated":[31],"with":[32,177,264,310,325],"overuse":[33],"misuse":[35],"antibiotics":[37,224,314],"in":[38,84,132,152,170,244,261,301,353],"farming.":[40],"One":[41,122],"possible":[42],"approach":[43],"problem":[47],"ensuring":[49],"adequate":[50],"knowledge,":[51,115,145],"attitudes,":[52,116,146],"practices":[54,118,148],"on":[55,60,102,119,149,294,329,346,367],"antimicrobial":[56,82,120,150,330,351],"use":[57,83,296,312,349],"by":[58],"farmers":[59,167,198,222,300,345],"are":[67],"applied.":[68],"Therefore,":[69,332],"current":[71,334],"study":[72],"was":[73,100,238,308],"carried":[74],"out":[75],"determine":[77,111],"factors":[78],"that":[79,218],"could":[80],"promote":[81],"Kiambu":[90,108,158,302],"County,":[91],"Kenya.":[92],"Materials":[93],"Methods:":[95],"A":[96],"descriptive":[97],"cross-sectional":[98],"survey":[99],"conducted":[101],"County":[109,303],"level":[113,143,211,289],"use.":[121],"hundred":[123],"fifty-six":[125],"(n":[126],"=":[127],"156)":[128],"semi-structured":[129],"questionnaires":[130],"imprinted":[131],"a":[133,209,316],"mobile":[134],"Open":[135],"data":[136],"kit":[137],"were":[138,199],"administered":[139],"capture":[141],"usage":[151],"County.":[159],"Results:":[160],"Out":[161],"156":[164],"who":[168],"participated":[169],"this":[171],"study,":[172,194],"females":[173],"accounted":[174],"(64%)":[176],"51%":[178],"them":[180],"keeping":[181],"layers":[182],"between":[183],"50":[184],"-":[185],"500":[186],"birds":[187],"as":[188,241,255,341],"medium":[189],"scale":[190],"farmers.":[191],"In":[192],"most":[195,257,266],"45":[200],"years":[201],"above":[203],"(61%)":[204],"they":[206],"had":[207],"obtained":[208],"secondary":[210],"education":[213,343],"(34%).":[214],"We":[215],"further":[216],"noted":[217],"67%":[219],"obtain":[223],"through":[225],"self-prescription/personal":[226],"experience.":[227],"Additional":[228],"lack":[229],"veterinary":[231,282],"officers":[232],"(77%)":[233],"consultation":[235],"services":[236,283],"(72%)":[237],"also":[239],"mentioned":[240],"key":[242],"challenges":[243],"production.":[246],"The":[247],"majority":[248],"respondents":[251],"(63%),":[252],"indicated":[253],"Tetracycline":[254],"commonly":[258],"used":[259],"antibiotic":[260,295],"their":[262],"farms,":[263],"preferred":[267],"subtypes":[268],"tetracycline":[270],"Amoxicillin":[272],"being":[273],"Oxytetracyclines":[274],"(85%)":[275],"Amoxi":[277],"(88%)":[278],"respectively.":[279],"Nearness":[280],"significantly":[284],"(P":[285],"Conclusion:":[286],"Generally,":[287],"knowledge":[291],"practice":[293],"among":[297],"still":[305],"lacking.":[306],"This":[307],"witnessed":[309],"continued":[311],"without":[315],"prescription":[317],"from":[318],"veterinary/livestock":[319],"extension":[320],"offices,":[321],"inconsistent":[324],"general":[327],"recommendation":[328],"stewardship.":[331],"research":[335],"calls":[336],"intervention":[338],"measures":[339],"such":[340],"extensive":[342],"rational":[348],"agents":[352],"disease":[356],"management,":[357],"observance":[358],"withdrawal":[360],"periods,":[361],"impacts":[364],"residues":[366],"public":[368],"health.":[369]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2021-10-25T00:00:00"}