{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3206028136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-052020-041327","title":"Cardiometabolic Benefits of Intermittent Fasting","display_name":"Cardiometabolic Benefits of Intermittent Fasting","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3206028136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-052020-041327","mag":"3206028136","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34633860"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-052020-041327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-052020-041327","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-052020-041327","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160110530","display_name":"Annual Review of Nutrition","issn_l":"0199-9885","issn":["0199-9885","1545-4312"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Nutrition","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060214892","display_name":"Krista A Varady","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9279-9934","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9279-9934"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krista A. Varady","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073151257","display_name":"Sofia Cienfuegos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2225-527X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2225-527X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sofia Cienfuegos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048707621","display_name":"Mark Ezpeleta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0746-2414","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0746-2414"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Ezpeleta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024554085","display_name":"Kelsey Gabel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4613-8892","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4613-8892"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kelsey Gabel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4393,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":192,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95605678,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"1","first_page":"333","last_page":"361"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12745","display_name":"Dietary Effects on Health","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12745","display_name":"Dietary Effects on Health","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10866","display_name":"Nutritional Studies and Diet","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12267","display_name":"Diet and metabolism studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intermittent-fasting","display_name":"intermittent fasting","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiometabolic-health","display_name":"cardiometabolic health","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alternate-day-fasting","display_name":"alternate-day fasting","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/5-2-diet","display_name":"5:2 diet","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-restricted-eating","display_name":"time-restricted eating","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weight-loss","display_name":"weight loss","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-intake","display_name":"energy intake","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-pressure","display_name":"blood pressure","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-resistance","display_name":"insulin resistance","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxidative-stress","display_name":"oxidative stress","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ldl-cholesterol","display_name":"LDL cholesterol","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/triglycerides","display_name":"triglycerides","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/appetite-regulation","display_name":"appetite regulation","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gut-microbiota","display_name":"gut microbiota","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obesity","display_name":"obesity","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disordered-eating-behaviors","display_name":"disordered eating","score":0.7519999742507935}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149984733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666254","display_name":"Intermittent fasting","level":2,"score":0.908827543258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544821477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718113","display_name":"Weight loss","level":3,"score":0.7108692526817322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6997066736221313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511355011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12174","display_name":"Obesity","level":2,"score":0.6673052310943604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75908981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28578","display_name":"Appetite","level":2,"score":0.6432255506515503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.5880177021026611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.5751227140426636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777391703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053470","display_name":"Insulin resistance","level":3,"score":0.5738012790679932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778913445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186319","display_name":"Triglyceride","level":3,"score":0.5097643733024597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780578515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657193","display_name":"Metabolic syndrome","level":3,"score":0.4365406632423401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42407357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521","display_name":"Physiology","level":1,"score":0.36034417152404785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778163477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43656","display_name":"Cholesterol","level":2,"score":0.3596166968345642}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002149","descriptor_name":"Energy Intake","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002318","descriptor_name":"Cardiovascular Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005215","descriptor_name":"Fasting","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009765","descriptor_name":"Obesity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015431","descriptor_name":"Weight Loss","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-052020-041327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-052020-041327","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-052020-041327","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160110530","display_name":"Annual Review of Nutrition","issn_l":"0199-9885","issn":["0199-9885","1545-4312"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Nutrition","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34633860","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34633860","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual review of nutrition","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1572997376","display_name":"Alternate day fasting combined with exercise for the treatment of NAFLD","funder_award_id":"R01DK119783","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/00adh9b73"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":112,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1570547161","https://openalex.org/W1602043494","https://openalex.org/W1898733506","https://openalex.org/W1922359108","https://openalex.org/W1967964480","https://openalex.org/W1982618314","https://openalex.org/W1985676942","https://openalex.org/W1989859851","https://openalex.org/W2001738812","https://openalex.org/W2002241228","https://openalex.org/W2004549986","https://openalex.org/W2007060126","https://openalex.org/W2007137001","https://openalex.org/W2015169926","https://openalex.org/W2023234131","https://openalex.org/W2027793435","https://openalex.org/W2031821244","https://openalex.org/W2046120374","https://openalex.org/W2059444114","https://openalex.org/W2072331303","https://openalex.org/W2079519649","https://openalex.org/W2081923532","https://openalex.org/W2088948024","https://openalex.org/W2097491325","https://openalex.org/W2099474785","https://openalex.org/W2101659489","https://openalex.org/W2101702504","https://openalex.org/W2102538757","https://openalex.org/W2103916483","https://openalex.org/W2110902443","https://openalex.org/W2112509178","https://openalex.org/W2125176454","https://openalex.org/W2127731369","https://openalex.org/W2135989088","https://openalex.org/W2136308689","https://openalex.org/W2138338793","https://openalex.org/W2142536690","https://openalex.org/W2147127395","https://openalex.org/W2149889966","https://openalex.org/W2151487996","https://openalex.org/W2151715700","https://openalex.org/W2151873476","https://openalex.org/W2152927657","https://openalex.org/W2153191047","https://openalex.org/W2159999083","https://openalex.org/W2160151404","https://openalex.org/W2166673378","https://openalex.org/W2171703113","https://openalex.org/W2237023489","https://openalex.org/W2268079051","https://openalex.org/W2274196728","https://openalex.org/W2295084775","https://openalex.org/W2313442932","https://openalex.org/W2321372559","https://openalex.org/W2440558121","https://openalex.org/W2515418154","https://openalex.org/W2518536384","https://openalex.org/W2520965303","https://openalex.org/W2530424415","https://openalex.org/W2542468576","https://openalex.org/W2582896210","https://openalex.org/W2587727241","https://openalex.org/W2605914979","https://openalex.org/W2611504779","https://openalex.org/W2615285755","https://openalex.org/W2766318757","https://openalex.org/W2769938637","https://openalex.org/W2784350705","https://openalex.org/W2795033987","https://openalex.org/W2799630203","https://openalex.org/W2799787925","https://openalex.org/W2799962683","https://openalex.org/W2805606439","https://openalex.org/W2809642430","https://openalex.org/W2883468517","https://openalex.org/W2884935659","https://openalex.org/W2888775081","https://openalex.org/W2889747738","https://openalex.org/W2889804752","https://openalex.org/W2901761472","https://openalex.org/W2905912521","https://openalex.org/W2906847139","https://openalex.org/W2909668868","https://openalex.org/W2916895426","https://openalex.org/W2920869614","https://openalex.org/W2923351390","https://openalex.org/W2936256875","https://openalex.org/W2937212246","https://openalex.org/W2946281272","https://openalex.org/W2947899518","https://openalex.org/W2949668662","https://openalex.org/W2953470221","https://openalex.org/W2955435388","https://openalex.org/W2955958116","https://openalex.org/W2964075095","https://openalex.org/W2971216846","https://openalex.org/W2971652046","https://openalex.org/W2973376652","https://openalex.org/W2980342560","https://openalex.org/W2990090288","https://openalex.org/W2990922949","https://openalex.org/W2992787906","https://openalex.org/W2992820952","https://openalex.org/W2996428091","https://openalex.org/W2997935978","https://openalex.org/W2998467274","https://openalex.org/W2999037967","https://openalex.org/W3013965112","https://openalex.org/W3015521338","https://openalex.org/W3043503484","https://openalex.org/W3088501974","https://openalex.org/W4237183646"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4362674153","https://openalex.org/W3082052430","https://openalex.org/W4385816479","https://openalex.org/W4213080378","https://openalex.org/W4200352449","https://openalex.org/W7213541673","https://openalex.org/W7171813654","https://openalex.org/W7220441893","https://openalex.org/W4207068196","https://openalex.org/W7208824806"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"review":[1],"aims":[2],"to":[3,33],"summarize":[4],"the":[5,25,89,92],"effects":[6,103],"of":[7,12,19,91,145],"intermittent":[8,126],"fasting":[9,20,23,107,127],"on":[10],"markers":[11,144],"cardiometabolic":[13,53],"health":[14,54,78,147],"in":[15,43,88,115,148],"humans.":[16],"All":[17],"forms":[18],"reviewed":[21],"here-alternate-day":[22],"(ADF),":[24],"5:2":[26],"diet,":[27],"and":[28,40,61,67,85,111,141],"time-restricted":[29],"eating":[30,122],"(TRE)-produced":[31],"mild":[32],"moderate":[34],"weight":[35,138],"loss":[36,139],"(1-8%":[37],"from":[38,47],"baseline)":[39],"consistent":[41],"reductions":[42],"energy":[44,116],"intake":[45],"(10-30%":[46],"baseline).":[48],"These":[49],"regimens":[50],"may":[51],"benefit":[52],"by":[55],"decreasing":[56],"blood":[57],"pressure,":[58],"insulin":[59],"resistance,":[60],"oxidative":[62],"stress.":[63],"Low-density":[64],"lipoprotein":[65],"cholesterol":[66],"triglyceride":[68],"levels":[69],"are":[70,75],"also":[71,96],"lowered,":[72],"but":[73,99],"findings":[74],"variable.":[76],"Other":[77],"benefits,":[79],"such":[80],"as":[81],"improved":[82],"appetite":[83],"regulation":[84],"favorable":[86],"changes":[87],"diversity":[90],"gut":[93],"microbiome,":[94],"have":[95],"been":[97],"demonstrated,":[98],"evidence":[100],"for":[101],"these":[102],"is":[104,108,128],"limited.":[105],"Intermittent":[106],"generally":[109],"safe":[110,130],"does":[112],"not":[113],"result":[114],"level":[117],"disturbances":[118],"or":[119],"increased":[120],"disordered":[121],"behaviors.":[123],"In":[124],"summary,":[125],"a":[129],"diet":[131],"therapy":[132],"that":[133],"can":[134],"produce":[135],"clinically":[136],"significant":[137],"(>5%)":[140],"improve":[142],"several":[143],"metabolic":[146],"individuals":[149],"with":[150],"obesity.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2021-10-25T00:00:00"}
