{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3205809241","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2021.1985160","title":"The upsurge of trade protectionism in sub-Saharan Africa since the 2008 crisis: Is the twin deficit guilty?","display_name":"The upsurge of trade protectionism in sub-Saharan Africa since the 2008 crisis: Is the twin deficit guilty?","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3205809241","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2021.1985160","mag":"3205809241"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/09638199.2021.1985160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2021.1985160","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2021.1985160","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23218617","display_name":"Journal of International Trade & Economic Development","issn_l":"0963-8199","issn":["0963-8199","1469-9559"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of International Trade &amp; Economic Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068320642","display_name":"Guivis Zeufack Nkemgha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7556-3404","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7556-3404"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I263774594","display_name":"University of Bamenda","ror":"https://ror.org/031ahrf94","country_code":"CM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I263774594"]}],"countries":["CM"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guivis Zeufack Nkemgha","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bamenda","Economic Department of the Higher Teacher Training College (HTTC) of Bambili, University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7556-3404","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bamenda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I263774594"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Economic Department of the Higher Teacher Training College (HTTC) of Bambili, University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I263774594"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085482268","display_name":"Boker Poumie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5396-5952","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5396-5952"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I213072177","display_name":"University of Maroua","ror":"https://ror.org/051sa4h84","country_code":"CM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I213072177"]}],"countries":["CM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boker Poumie","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maroua","Economic Department at the Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maroua","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I213072177"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Economic Department at the Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I213072177"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025110612","display_name":"Herv\u00e9 Kaffo Fotio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7920-8511","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7920-8511"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I213072177","display_name":"University of Maroua","ror":"https://ror.org/051sa4h84","country_code":"CM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I213072177"]}],"countries":["CM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Herv\u00e9 Kaffo Fotio","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maroua","Economic Department at the Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maroua","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I213072177"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Economic Department at the Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I213072177"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068320642"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I263774594"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6119,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7094205,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"4","first_page":"475","last_page":"492"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11621","display_name":"Fiscal Policies and Political Economy","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10503","display_name":"Global Financial Crisis and Policies","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protectionism","display_name":"protectionism","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/twin-deficits","display_name":"twin deficits","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/current-account-deficit","display_name":"current account deficit","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/budget-deficit","display_name":"budget deficit","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-barriers","display_name":"trade barriers","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sub-saharan-africa","display_name":"sub-Saharan Africa","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2008-financial-crisis","display_name":"2008 financial crisis","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-economy-of-trade","display_name":"political economy of trade","score":0.9330000281333923}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22241219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179073","display_name":"Protectionism","level":2,"score":0.9605279564857483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.7966063618659973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18547055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417","display_name":"International economics","level":1,"score":0.5709327459335327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22674136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192796","display_name":"Balance of trade","level":2,"score":0.5372920036315918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45619296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17010135","display_name":"Deficit spending","level":3,"score":0.4880481958389282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52092804","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56872446","display_name":"Current account","level":3,"score":0.4779941141605377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.44784772396087646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6422946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354","display_name":"Panel data","level":2,"score":0.44501176476478577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.22755062580108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776988154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66100","display_name":"Exchange rate","level":2,"score":0.14504945278167725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.0907151997089386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120527767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3196867","display_name":"Debt","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/09638199.2021.1985160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2021.1985160","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2021.1985160","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23218617","display_name":"Journal of International Trade & Economic Development","issn_l":"0963-8199","issn":["0963-8199","1469-9559"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of International Trade &amp; Economic Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:taf:jitecd:v:31:y:2022:i:4:p:475-492","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09638199.2021.1985160","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6601999998092651,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W29730933","https://openalex.org/W1486212401","https://openalex.org/W1545290957","https://openalex.org/W1587995220","https://openalex.org/W1979082372","https://openalex.org/W1982508871","https://openalex.org/W1995822548","https://openalex.org/W2005646662","https://openalex.org/W2024200847","https://openalex.org/W2025610165","https://openalex.org/W2035554302","https://openalex.org/W2040728750","https://openalex.org/W2075856979","https://openalex.org/W2076909025","https://openalex.org/W2080291306","https://openalex.org/W2083858627","https://openalex.org/W2093129397","https://openalex.org/W2121529138","https://openalex.org/W2134246329","https://openalex.org/W2135810800","https://openalex.org/W2144357229","https://openalex.org/W2155204759","https://openalex.org/W2567289819","https://openalex.org/W2611895824","https://openalex.org/W2801145531","https://openalex.org/W2891905832","https://openalex.org/W2923315274","https://openalex.org/W2981006282","https://openalex.org/W3023273417","https://openalex.org/W3023427085","https://openalex.org/W3121403162","https://openalex.org/W3122590246","https://openalex.org/W3122881219","https://openalex.org/W3124153363","https://openalex.org/W4211048045","https://openalex.org/W4247660639","https://openalex.org/W4249291651","https://openalex.org/W4297974475","https://openalex.org/W4299071012"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1529832915","https://openalex.org/W4205759409","https://openalex.org/W2512128805","https://openalex.org/W7162861104","https://openalex.org/W2049729718","https://openalex.org/W3094911382","https://openalex.org/W2072208540","https://openalex.org/W2035783278","https://openalex.org/W4404554940","https://openalex.org/W2754427549"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"the":[1,5,15,26,66,71,75,84,95,101],"growing":[2],"literature":[3],"on":[4,20,83],"political":[6],"economy":[7],"of":[8,17,36,58,88,103],"trade":[9,21,50,104],"protectionism,":[10],"little":[11],"is":[12,39,81,98],"known":[13],"about":[14],"effect":[16],"twin":[18,47,96],"deficit":[19,48,69,73,97],"restrictions":[22,51],"in":[23,30,52,106],"general":[24],"around":[25],"world":[27],"and":[28,64,70],"particularly":[29],"sub-Saharan":[31,107],"Africa":[32],"(SSA).":[33],"The":[34,78],"aim":[35],"this":[37,42],"study":[38],"to":[40],"fill":[41],"gap":[43],"by":[44],"assessing":[45],"how":[46],"affects":[49],"SSA.":[53],"We":[54],"used":[55],"a":[56],"panel":[57],"16":[59],"countries":[60],"which":[61],"recorded":[62],"simultaneously":[63],"successively":[65],"current":[67],"account":[68],"budget":[72],"during":[74],"period":[76],"2008\u20132018.":[77],"empirical":[79],"evidence":[80],"based":[82],"system":[85],"Generalized":[86],"Method":[87],"Moment":[89],"(GMM).":[90],"Our":[91],"results":[92],"show":[93],"that":[94],"responsible":[99],"for":[100],"upsurge":[102],"protectionism":[105],"Africa.":[108]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2021-10-25T00:00:00"}
