{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3204715770","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/22786821211045178","title":"Measuring Entrepreneurial Orientation in Developing Economies: Scale Development and Validation","display_name":"Measuring Entrepreneurial Orientation in Developing Economies: Scale Development and Validation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3204715770","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/22786821211045178","mag":"3204715770"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/22786821211045178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/22786821211045178","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/22786821211045178","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210187167","display_name":"Jindal Journal of Business Research","issn_l":"2278-6821","issn":["2278-6821","2321-0311"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Jindal Journal of Business Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030155167","display_name":"Asif Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7961-021X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7961-021X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142231","display_name":"Central University of Jammu","ror":"https://ror.org/03nw1rg94","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142231"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Asif Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Business Studies, Central University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Business Studies, Central University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142231"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082820430","display_name":"Ashok Aima","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142231","display_name":"Central University of Jammu","ror":"https://ror.org/03nw1rg94","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142231"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashok Aima","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Business Studies, Central University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Business Studies, Central University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142231"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065283334","display_name":"Jaya Bhasin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3638-6887","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3638-6887"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142231","display_name":"Central University of Jammu","ror":"https://ror.org/03nw1rg94","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142231"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaya Bhasin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Business Studies, Central University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Business Studies, Central University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142231"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035966387","display_name":"Robert D. Hisrich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5729-2751","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5729-2751"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149910238","display_name":"Kent State University","ror":"https://ror.org/049pfb863","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149910238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert D. Hisrich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149910238"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030155167"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142231"],"apc_list":{"value":3000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3000},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2232,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83124641,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"2","first_page":"147","last_page":"162"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10003","display_name":"Innovation and Knowledge Management","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12693","display_name":"Migration, Ethnicity, and Economy","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entrepreneurial-orientation","display_name":"entrepreneurial orientation","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-development","display_name":"scale development","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-validation","display_name":"scale validation","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developing-countries","display_name":"developing countries","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/india","display_name":"India","score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-business","display_name":"small business","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strategic-flexibility","display_name":"strategic flexibility","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/innovativeness","display_name":"innovativeness","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proactiveness","display_name":"proactive behavior","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-taking","display_name":"risk-taking","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competitive-aggressiveness","display_name":"competitive aggressiveness","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-autonomy","display_name":"organizational autonomy","score":0.7940000295639038}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780711244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22908166","display_name":"Entrepreneurial orientation","level":3,"score":0.8123610615730286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142944206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1786137","display_name":"Proactivity","level":2,"score":0.7266395092010498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40722632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5160137","display_name":"Confirmatory factor analysis","level":3,"score":0.6446754932403564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.6442556977272034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.610116183757782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84309077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3908516","display_name":"Entrepreneurship","level":2,"score":0.5586364269256592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65414064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484105","display_name":"Autonomy","level":2,"score":0.5426064729690552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.5089728832244873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165957694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421350","display_name":"Exploratory factor analysis","level":3,"score":0.49522510170936584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178550888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2043282","display_name":"Business administration","level":1,"score":0.4787030518054962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.4181380867958069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.41753631830215454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.37481439113616943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.36971813440322876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2611147165298462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.19826754927635193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17146769165992737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1570066511631012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.11570698022842407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/22786821211045178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/22786821211045178","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/22786821211045178","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210187167","display_name":"Jindal Journal of Business Research","issn_l":"2278-6821","issn":["2278-6821","2321-0311"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Jindal Journal of Business Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:sae:jjlobr:v:10:y:2021:i:2:p:147-162","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/22786821211045178","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.833299994468689},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4943999946117401}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":86,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W579060270","https://openalex.org/W589571471","https://openalex.org/W638554097","https://openalex.org/W1487557448","https://openalex.org/W1489019407","https://openalex.org/W1494445074","https://openalex.org/W1507755238","https://openalex.org/W1558502317","https://openalex.org/W1586153609","https://openalex.org/W1591013228","https://openalex.org/W1966917531","https://openalex.org/W1968725802","https://openalex.org/W1981089117","https://openalex.org/W1982857831","https://openalex.org/W1988050849","https://openalex.org/W1989111892","https://openalex.org/W1989528006","https://openalex.org/W1990991494","https://openalex.org/W1993760488","https://openalex.org/W2006417755","https://openalex.org/W2006956832","https://openalex.org/W2018091513","https://openalex.org/W2019313285","https://openalex.org/W2021533106","https://openalex.org/W2023172395","https://openalex.org/W2023545928","https://openalex.org/W2024509488","https://openalex.org/W2028322935","https://openalex.org/W2043663747","https://openalex.org/W2046775584","https://openalex.org/W2048271092","https://openalex.org/W2054689636","https://openalex.org/W2059019668","https://openalex.org/W2060173875","https://openalex.org/W2062913390","https://openalex.org/W2066729912","https://openalex.org/W2079745556","https://openalex.org/W2082846589","https://openalex.org/W2083357335","https://openalex.org/W2094564377","https://openalex.org/W2095376388","https://openalex.org/W2099149526","https://openalex.org/W2099576264","https://openalex.org/W2100579062","https://openalex.org/W2101684743","https://openalex.org/W2103081991","https://openalex.org/W2115374626","https://openalex.org/W2115443922","https://openalex.org/W2122407141","https://openalex.org/W2123288881","https://openalex.org/W2128275082","https://openalex.org/W2129013617","https://openalex.org/W2131433523","https://openalex.org/W2150146634","https://openalex.org/W2161088072","https://openalex.org/W2168316607","https://openalex.org/W2169033715","https://openalex.org/W2248396125","https://openalex.org/W2293416639","https://openalex.org/W2403521524","https://openalex.org/W2406022725","https://openalex.org/W2556507681","https://openalex.org/W2557877702","https://openalex.org/W2566582645","https://openalex.org/W2612354647","https://openalex.org/W2628667836","https://openalex.org/W2770025469","https://openalex.org/W2782740266","https://openalex.org/W2889750549","https://openalex.org/W2897369871","https://openalex.org/W2907030594","https://openalex.org/W2910481740","https://openalex.org/W2951057570","https://openalex.org/W2956048218","https://openalex.org/W2971778234","https://openalex.org/W3006237773","https://openalex.org/W3110009179","https://openalex.org/W3123659395","https://openalex.org/W4235089891","https://openalex.org/W4235678817","https://openalex.org/W4239997671","https://openalex.org/W4249128071","https://openalex.org/W4252534912","https://openalex.org/W4299601558","https://openalex.org/W4299953043","https://openalex.org/W4383956453"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1497812261","https://openalex.org/W3166697072","https://openalex.org/W4402891649","https://openalex.org/W7219965202","https://openalex.org/W2557877702","https://openalex.org/W2526813922","https://openalex.org/W2003305854","https://openalex.org/W2893824890","https://openalex.org/W4402579167","https://openalex.org/W2891504043"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Entrepreneurial":[0,131],"orientation":[1,18],"(EO)":[2],"refers":[3,31],"to":[4,32,41,114,186,197],"entrepreneurial":[5,17],"activities":[6,38],"of":[7,50,66,74,92,116,144,151,163],"established":[8],"and":[9,36,62,80,96,138,189,202,249],"existing":[10],"firms.":[11],"It":[12],"is":[13,84,110,148],"different":[14],"from":[15,208],"individual":[16],"(Popov":[19],"et":[20,46,231],"al.,":[21,47],"2019,":[22],"Education":[23],"+":[24],"Training,":[25],"vol.":[26,53,69],"61,":[27],"pp.":[28,55,71],"65\u201378).":[29],"EO":[30,58,117],"the":[33,149,152,220],"processes,":[34],"practices,":[35],"decision-making":[37],"that":[39],"lead":[40],"new":[42],"venture":[43],"creation":[44],"(Walter":[45],"2006,":[48],"Journal":[49],"Business":[51],"Venturing,":[52],"21,":[54,70],"541\u2013567).":[56],"The":[57,166,216,234],"scale":[59,83,168],"by":[60,140,173,229],"Lumpkin":[61],"Dess":[63],"(1996,":[64],"Academy":[65],"Management":[67],"Review,":[68],"135\u2013172)":[72],"consists":[73],"innovativeness,":[75],"proactiveness,":[76],"risk-taking,":[77],"competitive":[78],"aggressiveness,":[79],"autonomy.":[81],"This":[82],"widely":[85],"used":[86],"in":[87,98,119],"literature":[88,109],"with":[89,112,222],"major":[90],"drawback":[91],"it":[93],"being":[94],"developed":[95,100,137],"evaluated":[97],"a":[99,159],"economy":[101],"(the":[102],"USA)":[103],"on":[104],"large":[105],"corporations.":[106],"Very":[107],"little":[108],"available":[111],"reference":[113],"validation":[115],"scales":[118],"developing":[120],"economies,":[121],"particularly":[122],"India":[123],"where":[124],"firms":[125],"are":[126],"generally":[127],"small.":[128],"New":[129],"Comprehensive":[130],"Orientation":[132],"Scale":[133],"(CENTORES)":[134],"has":[135,236],"been":[136],"validated":[139],"adding":[141],"additional":[142],"dimension":[143],"strategic":[145],"flexibility,":[146],"which":[147,210],"novelty":[150],"present":[153],"study.":[154],"Data":[155],"were":[156,211],"collected":[157],"using":[158],"survey":[160],"instrument":[161],"comprising":[162],"19":[164],"items.":[165],"scientific":[167],"development":[169],"procedure":[170],"as":[171,227],"suggested":[172,228],"Schwab,":[174],"(1980)":[175],"was":[176,184,195],"followed,":[177],"first":[178],"an":[179],"exploratory":[180],"factor":[181,192],"analysis":[182,193],"(EFA)":[183],"done":[185,196],"explore":[187],"factors":[188,199,206,221],"later":[190],"confirmatory":[191],"(CFA)":[194],"confirm":[198],"(using":[200],"SPSS":[201],"Amos).":[203],"Six":[204],"stable":[205],"emerged":[207],"EFA":[209],"subsequently":[212],"confirmed":[213,219],"through":[214],"CFA.":[215],"measurement":[217],"model":[218,224,235],"good":[223],"fit":[225],"indices":[226],"Hair":[230],"al.":[232],"(2014).":[233],"CMIN/df":[237],"=":[238,241,244,247,251],"2.237,":[239],"CFI":[240],"0.917,":[242],"GFI":[243],"0.928,":[245],"NFI":[246],"0.882,":[248],"RMSEA":[250],"0.052.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2021-10-11T00:00:00"}