{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3204004723","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w30629","title":"How Substitutable Are Workers? Evidence from Worker Deaths","display_name":"How Substitutable Are Workers? Evidence from Worker Deaths","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3204004723","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w30629","mag":"3204004723"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w30629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w30629","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w30629","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w30629","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w30629","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018065081","display_name":"Simon J\u00e4ger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3312-7596","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3312-7596"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2607685603","display_name":"Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsmarkt und Berufsforschung","ror":"https://ror.org/02qcqwf93","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2607685603"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon J\u00e4ger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, E52-454 MIT 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02139","Institute for Employment Research (IAB)","NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, E52-454 MIT 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02139","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Employment Research (IAB)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2607685603"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083033987","display_name":"J\u00f6rg Heining","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2607685603","display_name":"Institut f\u00fcr Arbeitsmarkt und Berufsforschung","ror":"https://ror.org/02qcqwf93","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2607685603"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J\u00f6rg Heining","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Employment Research (IAB)","NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","Department of Economics, E52-454 MIT 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02139"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Employment Research (IAB)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2607685603"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, E52-454 MIT 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02139","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083033987"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853","https://openalex.org/I2607685603","https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11631","display_name":"Retirement, Disability, and Employment","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/worker-fatalities","display_name":"worker deaths","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labour-market-entry","display_name":"labour market entry","score":0.33500000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replacement-cost","display_name":"replacement cost","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wage-effects","display_name":"wage effects","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employee-retention","display_name":"employee retention","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupational-heterogeneity","display_name":"occupational heterogeneity","score":0.5260000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skill-specialization","display_name":"skill specialization","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firm-labor-demand","display_name":"firm labor demand","score":0.5329999923706055}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141330323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2354820","display_name":"Evidence-based practice","level":3,"score":0.43852970004081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.38585975766181946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.37584584951400757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.3620259761810303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2391098141670227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2357591688632965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.09318089485168457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3386/w30629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w30629","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w30629","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w30629","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w30629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w30629","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w30629","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w30629","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3204004723.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3204004723.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":94,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W5362074","https://openalex.org/W647542039","https://openalex.org/W1125031083","https://openalex.org/W1419439789","https://openalex.org/W1480391747","https://openalex.org/W1496634446","https://openalex.org/W1503910673","https://openalex.org/W1532010840","https://openalex.org/W1553214474","https://openalex.org/W1564813028","https://openalex.org/W1586078030","https://openalex.org/W1871737098","https://openalex.org/W1930653645","https://openalex.org/W1971310904","https://openalex.org/W2021253785","https://openalex.org/W2048427578","https://openalex.org/W2050655574","https://openalex.org/W2050904362","https://openalex.org/W2051688880","https://openalex.org/W2053498466","https://openalex.org/W2073232297","https://openalex.org/W2073545542","https://openalex.org/W2085042242","https://openalex.org/W2085268423","https://openalex.org/W2096416136","https://openalex.org/W2096684396","https://openalex.org/W2097623545","https://openalex.org/W2100316976","https://openalex.org/W2107497267","https://openalex.org/W2119413413","https://openalex.org/W2119483110","https://openalex.org/W2124190239","https://openalex.org/W2124400200","https://openalex.org/W2128185359","https://openalex.org/W2128918317","https://openalex.org/W2131250726","https://openalex.org/W2131850093","https://openalex.org/W2132288119","https://openalex.org/W2134956426","https://openalex.org/W2139687486","https://openalex.org/W2141295263","https://openalex.org/W2155084418","https://openalex.org/W2171046666","https://openalex.org/W2171766278","https://openalex.org/W2263423262","https://openalex.org/W2323231065","https://openalex.org/W2329506796","https://openalex.org/W2477097167","https://openalex.org/W2786349661","https://openalex.org/W2792103460","https://openalex.org/W2796050217","https://openalex.org/W2802161671","https://openalex.org/W2894909951","https://openalex.org/W2914036155","https://openalex.org/W2943862550","https://openalex.org/W3007017729","https://openalex.org/W3007808882","https://openalex.org/W3008632805","https://openalex.org/W3009286765","https://openalex.org/W3026591078","https://openalex.org/W3121891889","https://openalex.org/W3122788273","https://openalex.org/W3122984594","https://openalex.org/W3123449838","https://openalex.org/W3123790598","https://openalex.org/W3123794974","https://openalex.org/W3124967455","https://openalex.org/W3125510251","https://openalex.org/W3134741627","https://openalex.org/W3135840292","https://openalex.org/W3190409158","https://openalex.org/W4205674112","https://openalex.org/W4233907615","https://openalex.org/W4234712938","https://openalex.org/W4237421641","https://openalex.org/W4244772127","https://openalex.org/W4254295034","https://openalex.org/W4256191581","https://openalex.org/W4285257163","https://openalex.org/W4285589741","https://openalex.org/W4285721685","https://openalex.org/W4285724058","https://openalex.org/W4288938458","https://openalex.org/W4292847299","https://openalex.org/W4296168034","https://openalex.org/W4300870405","https://openalex.org/W6610734598","https://openalex.org/W6621223614","https://openalex.org/W6634521315","https://openalex.org/W6668831375","https://openalex.org/W6773146551","https://openalex.org/W6786905297","https://openalex.org/W6810072699","https://openalex.org/W7030065760"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7113235699","https://openalex.org/W2064808583","https://openalex.org/W2277952442","https://openalex.org/W2318414999","https://openalex.org/W7084403428","https://openalex.org/W4410321710","https://openalex.org/W1605166339","https://openalex.org/W7097426211","https://openalex.org/W7100400342","https://openalex.org/W4299669508"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"estimate":[1],"how":[2],"exogenous":[3],"worker":[4,24,66],"exits":[5],"affect":[6],"firms'":[7],"demand":[8],"for":[9],"incumbent":[10],"workers":[11],"and":[12,34,79],"new":[13],"hires.Drawing":[14],"on":[15,27],"administrative":[16],"data":[17],"from":[18],"Germany,":[19],"we":[20],"analyze":[21],"34,000":[22],"unexpected":[23],"deaths,":[25],"which,":[26],"average,":[28],"raise":[29],"the":[30,44,48],"remaining":[31],"workers'":[32],"wages":[33],"retention":[35],"probabilities.The":[36],"average":[37],"effect":[38],"masks":[39],"substantial":[40,70],"heterogeneity:":[41],"Coworkers":[42],"in":[43,55,76],"same":[45],"occupation":[46],"as":[47],"deceased":[49],"see":[50],"positive":[51],"wage":[52,59],"effects;":[53],"coworkers":[54],"other":[56],"occupations":[57],"experience":[58],"decreases":[60],"when":[61,80],"a":[62],"high-skilled":[63],"or":[64],"specialized":[65],"dies.Our":[67],"findings":[68],"imply":[69],"replacement":[71],"costs,":[72],"which":[73],"are":[74,82],"larger":[75],"thin":[77],"markets":[78],"skills":[81],"specialized.":[83]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2021-10-11T00:00:00"}
