{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3203852202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-948362/v1","title":"Impact of Traffic Congestion on Spatial Access to Healthcare Services in Nairobi: an ecological study","display_name":"Impact of Traffic Congestion on Spatial Access to Healthcare Services in Nairobi: an ecological study","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3203852202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-948362/v1","mag":"3203852202"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-948362/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-948362/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-948362/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-948362/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-948362/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029369636","display_name":"Nyamai Mutono","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7378-0007","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7378-0007"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12859529","display_name":"University of Nairobi","ror":"https://ror.org/02y9nww90","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mutono Nyamai","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Nairobi"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7378-0007","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Nairobi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060124599","display_name":"Jim Wright","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8842-2181","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8842-2181"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jim A. Wright","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southampton"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southampton","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083465932","display_name":"Mumbua Mutunga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9056-2159","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9056-2159"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12859529","display_name":"University of Nairobi","ror":"https://ror.org/02y9nww90","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mumbua Mutunga","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Nairobi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Nairobi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108238940","display_name":"Henry M\u2019Ikiugu Mutembei","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12859529","display_name":"University of Nairobi","ror":"https://ror.org/02y9nww90","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henry Mutembei","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Nairobi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Nairobi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016474530","display_name":"Samuel M. Thumbi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5754-0556","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5754-0556"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72951846","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"SM Thumbi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Washington State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029369636"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.8974999785423279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.8974999785423279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.01269999984651804,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13633","display_name":"Public Health and Social Inequalities","score":0.011699999682605267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-congestion","display_name":"traffic congestion","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geographic-accessibility","display_name":"geographic accessibility","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-facility-distribution","display_name":"health facility distribution","score":0.5519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/healthcare-workers","display_name":"healthcare workers","score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/floating-catchment-area","display_name":"floating catchment area","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-care","display_name":"primary care","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nairobi","display_name":"Nairobi","score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-health-planning","display_name":"urban health planning","score":0.5839999914169312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25511272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295136","display_name":"Ecological study","level":3,"score":0.6428812146186829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779888511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244156","display_name":"Traffic congestion","level":2,"score":0.5662963390350342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.5388386845588684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4565659463405609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.421357661485672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.31619563698768616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.2996106743812561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1951649785041809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.1830202341079712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.14215263724327087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09990319609642029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.07162418961524963}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-948362/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-948362/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-948362/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-948362/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.17605/osf.io/rjybc","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/rjybc","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:E006E-CBA-3B9","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://osf.io/rjybc/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401127","display_name":"OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"project"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-948362/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-948362/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-948362/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-948362/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9763000011444092,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7578999996185303,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5378999710083008,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309913","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3203852202.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3203852202.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1512216122","https://openalex.org/W1989989474","https://openalex.org/W2010454059","https://openalex.org/W2044221403","https://openalex.org/W2057442840","https://openalex.org/W2059551244","https://openalex.org/W2068651465","https://openalex.org/W2083003327","https://openalex.org/W2269188112","https://openalex.org/W2507903275","https://openalex.org/W2522754627","https://openalex.org/W2582743722","https://openalex.org/W2767152624","https://openalex.org/W2772331151","https://openalex.org/W2783008808","https://openalex.org/W2785232091","https://openalex.org/W2806033783","https://openalex.org/W2891701191","https://openalex.org/W2956825289","https://openalex.org/W2956839652","https://openalex.org/W2999957990","https://openalex.org/W3011638252","https://openalex.org/W3093468672","https://openalex.org/W3106522054","https://openalex.org/W3109296208","https://openalex.org/W3112293864","https://openalex.org/W3215750412"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4309206315","https://openalex.org/W2999957990","https://openalex.org/W2973427402","https://openalex.org/W4308018167","https://openalex.org/W2965061518","https://openalex.org/W7215100186","https://openalex.org/W3146266449","https://openalex.org/W4294104475","https://openalex.org/W4318820714","https://openalex.org/W4417144230"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Geographic":[2],"accessibility":[3,178],"is":[4,12],"an":[5,177],"important":[6],"determinant":[7],"of":[8,16,63,110,132,147,173,180,205,236,284],"healthcare":[9,44,76,116,133,135,238,251,270],"utilisation":[10],"and":[11,25,46,73,94,103,106,134,198,215,249,254,264,277],"critical":[13],"for":[14,191,209],"achievement":[15],"universal":[17],"health":[18,48,57,99,159,182,193,200,207,219,231],"coverage.":[19],"Despite":[20],"the":[21,61,108,111,118,130,171,174],"high":[22],"disease":[23],"burden":[24],"severe":[26],"traffic":[27,38,84,279,285],"congestion":[28,39],"in":[29,50,65,78,117,245,266,288,295],"many":[30],"African":[31,289],"cities,":[32],"few":[33],"studies":[34],"have":[35],"assessed":[36],"how":[37],"impacts":[40],"geographical":[41],"access":[42,114,229,268],"to":[43,47,87,115,128,137,163,185,230,269,272],"facilities":[45,58,77,195,201,220,246,271],"professionals":[49,136,239],"these":[51,140],"settings.":[52],"Methods":[53],"Using":[54],"data":[55,86,287],"on":[56],"obtained":[59],"from":[60,97,157],"Ministry":[62],"Health":[64],"Kenya,":[66],"we":[67],"mapped":[68],"944":[69],"primary,":[70],"94":[71],"secondary":[72,197,250],"four":[74],"tertiary":[75,199],"Nairobi":[79],"County.":[80,119],"We":[81,120],"then":[82],"used":[83],"probe":[85,286],"identify":[88],"areas":[89],"within":[90,153],"a":[91,122,154,158,203,233],"15-,":[92],"30-":[93],"45-minute":[95],"drive":[96,156],"each":[98],"facility":[100,183,208],"during":[101,139,165,252,275],"peak":[102,144,253,276],"off-peak":[104,166,255,278],"hours":[105],"calculated":[107],"proportion":[109],"population":[112,138,151,175],"with":[113,228],"employed":[121],"2-step":[123],"floating":[124],"catchment":[125],"area":[126],"model":[127],"calculate":[129],"ratio":[131,204,235],"times.":[141,280],"Results":[142],"During":[143],"hours,":[145],"<70%":[146],"Nairobi\u2019s":[148],"4.1":[149],"million":[150],"was":[152,243],"30-minute":[155],"facility.":[160],"This":[161],"increased":[162],">75%":[164],"hours.":[167,256],"In":[168],"45":[169],"minutes,":[170],"majority":[172],"had":[176,202],"index":[179],"one":[181,206],"accessible":[184],"more":[186,210],"than":[187,211],"100":[188],"people":[189,213,223,227,242],"(<0.01)":[190],"primary":[192,248],"care":[194],"while":[196],"10,000":[212],"(<0.0001)":[214],"at":[216],"least":[217],"two":[218],"per":[221,240],"100,000":[222],"(>0.00002)":[224],"respectively.":[225],"Of":[226],"facilities,":[232],"sub-optimal":[234],"<2.3":[237],"1000":[241],"observed":[244],"offering":[247],"Conclusion":[257],"These":[258],"findings":[259],"can":[260],"guide":[261],"urban":[262],"planners":[263],"policymakers":[265],"improving":[267],"optimise":[273],"coverage":[274],"Similarly,":[281],"growing":[282],"availability":[283],"cities":[290],"should":[291],"enable":[292],"similar":[293],"analysis":[294],"other":[296],"countries.":[297]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2021-10-11T00:00:00"}