{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3203807150","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-02606-3","title":"Microsoft\u2019s million-tonne CO2-removal purchase \u2014 lessons for net zero","display_name":"Microsoft\u2019s million-tonne CO2-removal purchase \u2014 lessons for net zero","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3203807150","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-02606-3","mag":"3203807150"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/d41586-021-02606-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-02606-3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-02606-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137773608","display_name":"Nature","issn_l":"0028-0836","issn":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049235562","display_name":"Lucas Joppa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6139-9946","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6139-9946"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lucas Joppa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lucas Joppa is chief environmental officer at Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lucas Joppa is chief environmental officer at Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062687005","display_name":"Amy Lynd Luers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8028-6039","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8028-6039"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amy Luers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amy Luers is global lead of sustainability science at Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amy Luers is global lead of sustainability science at Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069726379","display_name":"Elizabeth Willmott","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth Willmott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Elizabeth Willmott is director of the Carbon Program at Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Elizabeth Willmott is director of the Carbon Program at Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111988182","display_name":"S. Julio Friedmann","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405271055","display_name":"Center on Global Energy Policy","ror":"https://ror.org/01s87f907","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405271055"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Julio Friedmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["S. Julio Friedmann is senior scientific adviser at Carbon Direct, New York City; and a senior research scholar at the Center on Global Energy Policy, Columbia University, New York City, New York, USA","S. Julio Friedmann is senior scientific adviser at Carbon Direct, New York City","a senior research scholar at the Center on Global Energy Policy, Columbia University, New York City, New York, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"S. Julio Friedmann is senior scientific adviser at Carbon Direct, New York City; and a senior research scholar at the Center on Global Energy Policy, Columbia University, New York City, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405271055","https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"S. Julio Friedmann is senior scientific adviser at Carbon Direct, New York City","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"a senior research scholar at the Center on Global Energy Policy, Columbia University, New York City, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405271055","https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039342089","display_name":"Steven P. Hamburg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4266-2139","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4266-2139"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298723799","display_name":"Environmental Defense Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/02tj7r959","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298723799"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven P. Hamburg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Steven P. Hamburg is chief scientist at the Environmental Defense Fund, New York City, New York, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Steven P. Hamburg is chief scientist at the Environmental Defense Fund, New York City, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298723799"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017695643","display_name":"Rafael Broze","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafael Broze","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rafael Broze is manager of the Carbon Removal Program at Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rafael Broze is manager of the Carbon Removal Program at Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049235562","https://openalex.org/A5062687005"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"],"apc_list":{"value":11390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":11390},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.457,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":88,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98272911,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"597","issue":"7878","first_page":"629","last_page":"632"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10471","display_name":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","score":0.9253000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10471","display_name":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","score":0.9253000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10967","display_name":"Carbon Dioxide Capture Technologies","score":0.029600000008940697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11753","display_name":"Forest Management and Policy","score":0.005799999926239252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-dioxide-removal","display_name":"carbon dioxide removal","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microsoft","display_name":"Microsoft","score":0.4959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/net-zero-emissions","display_name":"net-zero emissions","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-pricing","display_name":"carbon pricing","score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emissions-trading","display_name":"emissions trading","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change-mitigation","display_name":"climate change mitigation","score":0.7379999756813049}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76758496","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191118","display_name":"Tonne","level":2,"score":0.7116104364395142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14166107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q253829","display_name":"Net (polyhedron)","level":2,"score":0.48289966583251953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118334743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846292","display_name":"Zero emission","level":2,"score":0.46205654740333557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780813799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3274237","display_name":"Zero (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4491422772407532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.37914490699768066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.37634843587875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48824518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340","display_name":"Agricultural economics","level":1,"score":0.34802600741386414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.27451586723327637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25025394558906555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1805969476699829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15272745490074158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/d41586-021-02606-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-02606-3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-02606-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137773608","display_name":"Nature","issn_l":"0028-0836","issn":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nat:nature:v:597:y:2021:i:7878:d:10.1038_d41586-021-02606-3","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02606-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":0.5925999879837036}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005763135","https://openalex.org/W2043853317","https://openalex.org/W2147306380","https://openalex.org/W2794006591","https://openalex.org/W3125626618","https://openalex.org/W3137349729","https://openalex.org/W3161551639","https://openalex.org/W3188857097","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7016041606","https://openalex.org/W6925454005","https://openalex.org/W2974769130","https://openalex.org/W3080548782","https://openalex.org/W4396568623","https://openalex.org/W4396512564","https://openalex.org/W7162854154","https://openalex.org/W4382491153","https://openalex.org/W4412728612","https://openalex.org/W7142566535"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2021-10-11T00:00:00"}