{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3203661532","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10489223.2021.1968867","title":"The acquisition of wh-questions: Beyond structural economy and input frequency","display_name":"The acquisition of wh-questions: Beyond structural economy and input frequency","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3203661532","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10489223.2021.1968867","mag":"3203661532"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10489223.2021.1968867","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10489223.2021.1968867","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10489223.2021.1968867","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207618182","display_name":"Language Acquisition","issn_l":"1048-9223","issn":["1048-9223","1532-7817"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Language Acquisition","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036600667","display_name":"An Duy Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0271-8457","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0271-8457","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4231-5217"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"An D. Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johns Hopkins University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0271-8457","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113950229","display_name":"G\u00e9raldine Legendre A","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geraldine Legendre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johns Hopkins University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036600667"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7323,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75646244,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"1","first_page":"79","last_page":"104"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10034","display_name":"Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation","score":0.00800000037997961,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10656","display_name":"Child and Animal Learning Development","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wh-in-situ","display_name":"wh-in-situ","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/echo-questions","display_name":"echo questions","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-economy","display_name":"structural economy","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/input-frequency","display_name":"input frequency","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-directed-speech","display_name":"child-directed speech","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-seeking-questions","display_name":"information-seeking questions","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntactic-bootstrapping","display_name":"syntactic bootstrapping","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/children-s-language-comprehension","display_name":"children's language comprehension","score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-language-production","display_name":"child language production","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-french-comparison","display_name":"French-English comparison","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/childes-corpus","display_name":"CHILDES corpus","score":0.7229999899864197}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.6969326734542847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.634728193283081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.5948296189308167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.5674832463264465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5662890672683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.5519649982452393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170350167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455178","display_name":"Second-language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.5502543449401855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5396523475646973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74672266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815859","display_name":"Language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.5064395666122437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26826806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q438358","display_name":"Alternation (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4540253281593323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4173600673675537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41729676723480225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.2877836525440216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25224030017852783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.11655691266059875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.10572925209999084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/10489223.2021.1968867","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10489223.2021.1968867","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10489223.2021.1968867","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207618182","display_name":"Language Acquisition","issn_l":"1048-9223","issn":["1048-9223","1532-7817"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Language Acquisition","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W36920265","https://openalex.org/W66392269","https://openalex.org/W155012757","https://openalex.org/W184283347","https://openalex.org/W251634107","https://openalex.org/W437078300","https://openalex.org/W756842059","https://openalex.org/W1488545631","https://openalex.org/W1517498779","https://openalex.org/W1554433338","https://openalex.org/W1857763630","https://openalex.org/W1951724000","https://openalex.org/W1971747668","https://openalex.org/W1972579865","https://openalex.org/W1985887112","https://openalex.org/W2002092421","https://openalex.org/W2026569117","https://openalex.org/W2026637944","https://openalex.org/W2028660181","https://openalex.org/W2030196776","https://openalex.org/W2035955196","https://openalex.org/W2036717617","https://openalex.org/W2039410335","https://openalex.org/W2041028022","https://openalex.org/W2043090254","https://openalex.org/W2058532493","https://openalex.org/W2064835435","https://openalex.org/W2070936948","https://openalex.org/W2073411958","https://openalex.org/W2076455146","https://openalex.org/W2077430067","https://openalex.org/W2082137931","https://openalex.org/W2087327436","https://openalex.org/W2091198750","https://openalex.org/W2097105752","https://openalex.org/W2098767455","https://openalex.org/W2108936638","https://openalex.org/W2113090210","https://openalex.org/W2120950064","https://openalex.org/W2123973580","https://openalex.org/W2125814841","https://openalex.org/W2130406508","https://openalex.org/W2130960285","https://openalex.org/W2131227490","https://openalex.org/W2132870856","https://openalex.org/W2136343906","https://openalex.org/W2139827754","https://openalex.org/W2142890488","https://openalex.org/W2147241151","https://openalex.org/W2149067036","https://openalex.org/W2153149301","https://openalex.org/W2154346509","https://openalex.org/W2176292778","https://openalex.org/W2264742718","https://openalex.org/W2275660037","https://openalex.org/W2305240564","https://openalex.org/W2316212266","https://openalex.org/W2329620651","https://openalex.org/W2395553241","https://openalex.org/W2417681802","https://openalex.org/W2533981097","https://openalex.org/W2613122503","https://openalex.org/W2747874407","https://openalex.org/W2783648340","https://openalex.org/W2792726131","https://openalex.org/W2797756299","https://openalex.org/W2884863965","https://openalex.org/W2891798631","https://openalex.org/W2987200484","https://openalex.org/W3209383001","https://openalex.org/W4230887816","https://openalex.org/W4239427658","https://openalex.org/W4245446217","https://openalex.org/W4298172510","https://openalex.org/W4388156388"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2784059912","https://openalex.org/W1906461680","https://openalex.org/W1592811524","https://openalex.org/W4388858821","https://openalex.org/W7015822349","https://openalex.org/W2132870856","https://openalex.org/W2419284594","https://openalex.org/W2372223572","https://openalex.org/W2548622614","https://openalex.org/W1507014176"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,156],"present":[1],"in":[2,35,56,80,147],"this":[3],"article":[4],"corpus":[5],"analyses,":[6],"two":[7],"experiments,":[8],"and":[9,71,76,98,109,124,179,205],"a":[10,136,140,159,193],"preliminary":[11],"English-French":[12],"comparison":[13],"on":[14,175],"children\u2019s":[15,170],"acquisition":[16,34],"of":[17,21,32,41,112,143,172,186,192,200],"wh-in-situ.":[18,173],"Our":[19,115],"examination":[20],"10,000":[22],"wh-questions":[23,92],"from":[24,50,135,153,209],"CHILDES":[25],"reveals":[26],"that":[27,84,121,158],"the":[28,87,131,176,184,190,201],"reported":[29,150],"empirical":[30],"picture":[31],"wh-question":[33],"English":[36],"is":[37,146,164,216],"incomplete:":[38],"A":[39],"type":[40],"wh-in-situ,":[42,144],"probe":[43],"questions":[44,62,79],"(PQs),":[45],"has":[46],"been":[47],"left":[48],"out":[49],"most":[51],"discussions":[52],"despite":[53],"its":[54],"presence":[55],"child-directed":[57],"speech.":[58],"Unlike":[59],"wh-in-situ":[60],"echo":[61],"(EQs),":[63],"PQs":[64,75,85,126],"are":[65],"used":[66],"to":[67,105,167],"request":[68],"new":[69],"information,":[70],"parents":[72],"frequently":[73],"use":[74],"fronted":[77,91],"information-seeking":[78],"alternation.":[81],"The":[82],"fact":[83],"share":[86],"pragmatic":[88],"space":[89],"with":[90,118,149],"while":[93],"involving":[94],"fewer":[95],"syntactic":[96],"operations":[97],"exhibiting":[99],"lower":[100],"input":[101,177,202],"frequency":[102,178],"allows":[103],"us":[104],"test":[106],"both":[107],"structure-based":[108],"frequency-based":[110],"theories":[111],"syntax":[113],"acquisition.":[114],"comprehension":[116],"task":[117,138],"3;06\u20135;06-year-olds":[119],"confirms":[120],"children":[122,196],"accept":[123],"understand":[125],"as":[127,181,183,203],"information":[128],"seeking.":[129],"On":[130],"other":[132],"hand,":[133],"results":[134],"production":[137],"show":[139],"strong":[141],"avoidance":[142],"which":[145],"line":[148],"elicited":[151],"data":[152],"French-speaking":[154],"children.":[155],"reason":[157],"structural":[160],"economy-based":[161],"approach":[162],"alone":[163],"not":[165],"sufficient":[166],"account":[168],"for":[169],"disfavor":[171],"Depending":[174],"consistency,":[180],"well":[182],"number":[185],"variants":[187],"licensed":[188],"by":[189],"grammar":[191],"given":[194],"language,":[195],"may":[197],"treat":[198],"part":[199],"uninformative":[204],"initially":[206],"only":[207],"learn":[208],"higher-frequent,":[210],"more":[211],"regularized":[212],"input.":[213],"Their":[214],"intake":[215],"thus":[217],"selective.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2021-10-11T00:00:00"}
