{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3203036705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.47839/ijc.20.3.2284","title":"On the Statistical Analysis of ZUC, Espresso and Grain v1","display_name":"On the Statistical Analysis of ZUC, Espresso and Grain v1","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3203036705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.47839/ijc.20.3.2284","mag":"3203036705"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.47839/ijc.20.3.2284","doi":"https://doi.org/10.47839/ijc.20.3.2284","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.47839/ijc.20.3.2284","pdf_url":"https://computingonline.net/computing/article/view/2284/1000","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764977685","display_name":"International Journal of Computing","issn_l":"1727-6209","issn":["1727-6209","2312-5381"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4362643881","host_organization_name":"Research Institute of Intelligent Computer Systems","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4362643881"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Research Institute of Intelligent Computer Systems"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://computingonline.net/computing/article/view/2284/1000","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101630671","display_name":"Saurabh Shrivastava","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0943-6954","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0943-6954"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154636","display_name":"Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04d81ed36","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799351866","https://openalex.org/I4210098748","https://openalex.org/I4210134808","https://openalex.org/I4210154636"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81556334","display_name":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham","ror":"https://ror.org/03am10p12","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saurabh Shrivastava","raw_affiliation_strings":["TIFAC Core in Cyber Security, Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TIFAC Core in Cyber Security, Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154636","https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041306508","display_name":"K. V. Lakshmy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5344-2855","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5344-2855"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154636","display_name":"Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04d81ed36","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799351866","https://openalex.org/I4210098748","https://openalex.org/I4210134808","https://openalex.org/I4210154636"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81556334","display_name":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham","ror":"https://ror.org/03am10p12","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. V. Lakshmy","raw_affiliation_strings":["TIFAC Core in Cyber Security, Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TIFAC Core in Cyber Security, Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154636","https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055024819","display_name":"Chungath Srinivasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7027-4926","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7027-4926"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154636","display_name":"Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04d81ed36","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799351866","https://openalex.org/I4210098748","https://openalex.org/I4210134808","https://openalex.org/I4210154636"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81556334","display_name":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham","ror":"https://ror.org/03am10p12","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chungath Srinivasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["TIFAC Core in Cyber Security, Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TIFAC Core in Cyber Security, Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154636","https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.145,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.42460464,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"384","last_page":"390"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.0032999999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2607","display_name":"Discrete Mathematics and Combinatorics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stream-ciphers","display_name":"stream ciphers","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness-testing","display_name":"randomness testing","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/espresso","display_name":"espresso","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grain-v1","display_name":"Grain v1","score":0.9940000176429749}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776132008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509893","display_name":"Keystream","level":4,"score":0.9768021106719971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92950451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864718","display_name":"Stream cipher","level":3,"score":0.9070549011230469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.5602819919586182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5481517314910889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780221543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4681865","display_name":"Cipher","level":3,"score":0.49535858631134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4175671935081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4161321818828583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.36897173523902893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.33586907386779785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.23907116055488586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.15750691294670105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.47839/ijc.20.3.2284","doi":"https://doi.org/10.47839/ijc.20.3.2284","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.47839/ijc.20.3.2284","pdf_url":"https://computingonline.net/computing/article/view/2284/1000","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764977685","display_name":"International Journal of Computing","issn_l":"1727-6209","issn":["1727-6209","2312-5381"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4362643881","host_organization_name":"Research Institute of Intelligent Computer Systems","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4362643881"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Research Institute of Intelligent Computer Systems"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.47839/ijc.20.3.2284","doi":"https://doi.org/10.47839/ijc.20.3.2284","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.47839/ijc.20.3.2284","pdf_url":"https://computingonline.net/computing/article/view/2284/1000","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764977685","display_name":"International Journal of Computing","issn_l":"1727-6209","issn":["1727-6209","2312-5381"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4362643881","host_organization_name":"Research Institute of Intelligent Computer Systems","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4362643881"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Research Institute of Intelligent Computer Systems"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3203036705.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3203036705.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W166596113","https://openalex.org/W1980606267","https://openalex.org/W2010579408","https://openalex.org/W2037759994","https://openalex.org/W2076397729","https://openalex.org/W2126085961","https://openalex.org/W2128546931","https://openalex.org/W2133675808","https://openalex.org/W2149345169","https://openalex.org/W2158682114","https://openalex.org/W2161598015","https://openalex.org/W2184646337","https://openalex.org/W2249286906","https://openalex.org/W2343448572","https://openalex.org/W2767781975","https://openalex.org/W3001214808","https://openalex.org/W6606804567","https://openalex.org/W6679067742","https://openalex.org/W6989996188"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2184646337","https://openalex.org/W2378701690","https://openalex.org/W2953570169","https://openalex.org/W3001214808","https://openalex.org/W7110512723","https://openalex.org/W13538289","https://openalex.org/W2912476667","https://openalex.org/W2790171948","https://openalex.org/W2605051546","https://openalex.org/W1996723871"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,14],"stream":[1,15,40,95],"cipher":[2,16],"generates":[3],"long":[4],"keystream":[5,24,59],"to":[6,11,19,54,85,97,110],"be":[7,20],"XORed":[8],"with":[9],"plaintext":[10],"produce":[12],"ciphertext.":[13],"is":[17,28,42,124],"said":[18],"secure":[21],"if":[22,56],"the":[23,33,47,64,68,75,78,112,116,137],"that":[25],"it":[26],"produces":[27],"consistently":[29],"random.":[30],"One":[31],"of":[32,46,77,119,130],"ways":[34],"by":[35,43,89],"which":[36],"we":[37],"can":[38],"analyze":[39,111],"ciphers":[41,96],"testing":[44],"randomness":[45,76],"keystream.":[48,79],"The":[49],"statistical":[50,108],"tests":[51,84,109],"mainly":[52],"try":[53],"find":[55],"any":[57,61,100],"output":[58],"leaks":[60],"information":[62],"about":[63],"secret":[65],"key":[66,120],"or":[67,127],"cipher\u2019s":[69],"internal":[70,113,141],"state":[71,114,142],"and":[72,92,121],"also":[73,104],"check":[74,98],"We":[80,102],"have":[81,103],"applied":[82],"these":[83,131],"different":[86],"keystreams":[87],"generated":[88],"ZUC,":[90],"Espresso":[91],"Grain":[93,134],"v1":[94,135],"for":[99],"weaknesses.":[101],"proposed":[105],"four":[106,132],"new":[107],"when":[115],"hamming":[117,146],"weight":[118,147],"IV":[122],"used":[123],"very":[125],"high":[126,145],"low.":[128],"Out":[129],"tests,":[133],"fails":[136],"last":[138],"test":[139],"i.e.":[140],"correlation":[143],"using":[144],"IV.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2021-10-11T00:00:00"}
