{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3202867748","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2021.705050","title":"Generalised Analog LSTMs Recurrent Modules for Neural Computing","display_name":"Generalised Analog LSTMs Recurrent Modules for Neural Computing","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3202867748","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2021.705050","mag":"3202867748","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34650420","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8506007"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fncom.2021.705050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2021.705050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2021.705050","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19778766","display_name":"Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience","issn_l":"1662-5188","issn":["1662-5188"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2021.705050","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032428541","display_name":"Kazybek Adam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9700-7417","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9700-7417"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazybek Adam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Alto University, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Alto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027990594","display_name":"Kamilya Smagulova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6932-188X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6932-188X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405257690","display_name":"Astana IT University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jnvbc31","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405257690"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kamilya Smagulova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligent Systems and Cybersecurity, Astana IT University, Nursultan, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Systems and Cybersecurity, Astana IT University, Nursultan, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405257690"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017719665","display_name":"Alex Pappachen James","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5655-1213","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5655-1213"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405263365","display_name":"Kerala University of Digital Sciences, Innovation and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05sax3c46","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405263365"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alex James","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Systems and Automation, Digital University Kerala, Trivandrum, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Systems and Automation, Digital University Kerala, Trivandrum, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405263365"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017719665"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405263365"],"apc_list":{"value":2950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2950},"apc_paid":{"value":2950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2950},"fwci":0.433,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53534264,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":null,"first_page":"705050","last_page":"705050"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-short-term-memory","display_name":"long short-term memory","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memristive-hardware","display_name":"memristive hardware","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memristor-crossbar","display_name":"memristor crossbar","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-networks","display_name":"recurrent neural networks","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-series-forecasting","display_name":"time series forecasting","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-hardware","display_name":"neuromorphic hardware","score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analog-computing","display_name":"analog computing","score":0.3400000035762787}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8100439310073853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150072547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212923","display_name":"Memristor","level":2,"score":0.6610567569732666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.5700969099998474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29984679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1929149","display_name":"Crossbar switch","level":2,"score":0.5637342929840088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5622081756591797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.5517791509628296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.5234134197235107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182019814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143830","display_name":"Resistive random-access memory","level":3,"score":0.49475711584091187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11731999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9067355","display_name":"Spiking neural network","level":3,"score":0.4757021367549896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4676591455936432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780077345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16891888","display_name":"Spice","level":2,"score":0.4492111802101135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.38481688499450684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3710411489009857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.27698245644569397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10746380686759949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.10204681754112244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08768138289451599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fncom.2021.705050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2021.705050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2021.705050","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19778766","display_name":"Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience","issn_l":"1662-5188","issn":["1662-5188"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8506007","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8506007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Comput Neurosci","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:34650420","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34650420","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in computational neuroscience","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/113799","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/ce7a4d18-0ccd-41e1-ab90-2f5b36497f98","pdf_url":"https://research.aalto.fi/files/80737365/Adam_Generalised_analog_LSTMs_fncom_15_705050.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401662","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:90076c6c9ea84427b5c91ef760b71d58","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/90076c6c9ea84427b5c91ef760b71d58","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience, Vol 15 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fncom.2021.705050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2021.705050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2021.705050","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19778766","display_name":"Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience","issn_l":"1662-5188","issn":["1662-5188"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3202867748.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3202867748.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1708806486","https://openalex.org/W2013700857","https://openalex.org/W2035054741","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2159852473","https://openalex.org/W2177436562","https://openalex.org/W2585720638","https://openalex.org/W2588448445","https://openalex.org/W2589086007","https://openalex.org/W2623410569","https://openalex.org/W2775771159","https://openalex.org/W2784105695","https://openalex.org/W2805707647","https://openalex.org/W2806177657","https://openalex.org/W2898867055","https://openalex.org/W2921828114","https://openalex.org/W4290189929","https://openalex.org/W6746067730"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2921828114","https://openalex.org/W2795913282","https://openalex.org/W2954450661","https://openalex.org/W2805696946","https://openalex.org/W3047040508","https://openalex.org/W2979650406","https://openalex.org/W2806177657","https://openalex.org/W2746239790","https://openalex.org/W2910166072","https://openalex.org/W4412568511"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,189],"human":[1,23],"brain":[2],"can":[3,88,118],"be":[4,89],"considered":[5],"as":[6],"a":[7,134],"complex":[8],"dynamic":[9],"and":[10,49,66,76,93,100,117,145,155,171,176,201],"recurrent":[11,73,85],"neural":[12,19,47,74,86],"network.":[13],"There":[14],"are":[15,39,210],"several":[16],"models":[17,34],"for":[18,98,138,180,195],"networks":[20,48,75],"of":[21,103,107,122,185,198,206],"the":[22,56,78,120,182,186,196,213],"brain,":[24],"that":[25,38],"cover":[26],"sensory":[27],"to":[28,41,43,80],"cortical":[29],"information":[30],"processing.":[31,105],"Large":[32],"majority":[33],"include":[35],"feedback":[36,58],"mechanisms":[37],"hard":[40],"formalise":[42],"realistic":[44],"applications.":[45],"Recurrent":[46],"Long":[50,60],"short-term":[51,61],"memory":[52,62],"(LSTM)":[53,63],"inspire":[54],"from":[55],"neuronal":[57],"networks.":[59],"prevent":[64],"vanishing":[65],"exploding":[67],"gradients":[68],"problems":[69],"faced":[70],"by":[71],"simple":[72],"has":[77],"ability":[79],"process":[81],"order-dependent":[82],"data.":[83],"Such":[84],"units":[87],"replicated":[90],"in":[91],"hardware":[92,111],"interfaced":[94],"with":[95,127,133,149,166],"analog":[96,108,125],"sensors":[97],"efficient":[99],"miniaturised":[101],"implementation":[102],"intelligent":[104],"Implementation":[106],"memristive":[109],"LSTM":[110],"is":[112],"an":[113],"open":[114],"research":[115],"problem":[116],"offer":[119],"advantages":[121],"continuous":[123],"domain":[124],"computing":[126],"relatively":[128],"low":[129],"on-chip":[130],"area":[131],"compared":[132],"digital-only":[135],"implementation.":[136],"Designed":[137],"solving":[139],"time-series":[140],"prediction":[141],"problems,":[142],"overall":[143],"architectures":[144],"circuits":[146,209],"were":[147,178],"tested":[148],"TSMC":[150],"0.18":[151],"\u03bcm":[152],"CMOS":[153],"technology":[154],"hafnium-oxide":[156],"(HfO2)":[157],"based":[158,163],"memristor":[159],"crossbars.":[160],"Extensive":[161],"circuit":[162],"SPICE":[164],"simulations":[165,174,194],"over":[167],"3,500":[168],"(inference":[169],"only)":[170],"300":[172],"system-level":[173],"(training":[175],"inference)":[177],"performed":[179],"benchmarking":[181],"system":[183],"performance":[184],"proposed":[187],"implementations.":[188],"analysis":[190],"includes":[191],"Monte":[192],"Carlo":[193],"variability":[197],"memristors'":[199],"conductance,":[200],"crossbar":[202],"parasitic,":[203],"where":[204],"non-idealities":[205],"hybrid":[207],"CMOS-memristor":[208],"taken":[211],"into":[212],"account.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2021-10-11T00:00:00"}