{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3202423259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2109.14274","title":"Designing Counterfactual Generators using Deep Model Inversion","display_name":"Designing Counterfactual Generators using Deep Model Inversion","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3202423259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2109.14274","mag":"3202423259"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2109.14274","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2109.14274","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2109.14274","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2109.14274","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046632395","display_name":"Jayaraman J. Thiagarajan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8517-5816","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8517-5816"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thiagarajan, Jayaraman J.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Livermore National Laboratory","Lawrence livermore National Laboratory"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Livermore National Laboratory","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence livermore National Laboratory","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090107273","display_name":"Vivek Narayanaswamy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-2930","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-2930"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Narayanaswamy, Vivek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona State University","ASU"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ASU","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103925175","display_name":"Deepta Rajan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138410","display_name":"PathAI (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04eb71689","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajan, Deepta","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research AI","PathAI"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research AI","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PathAI","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042555985","display_name":"Jason Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9980-5077","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9980-5077"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang, Jason","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University","Stanford"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064829377","display_name":"Akshay Sanjay Chaudhari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3667-6796","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3667-6796"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaudhari, Akshay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University","Stanford"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074371899","display_name":"Andreas Spanias","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0306-9348","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0306-9348"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Spanias, Andreas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona State University","ASU"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ASU","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-explanations","display_name":"counterfactual explanations","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-inversion","display_name":"image inversion","score":0.39500001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explainable-ai","display_name":"explainable AI","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-priors","display_name":"image priors","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/progressive-optimization","display_name":"progressive optimization","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness-to-corruptions","display_name":"corruption robustness","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disc","display_name":"disc","score":0.40700000524520874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.82362300157547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1893757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3653001","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","level":3,"score":0.6884293556213379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5687716007232666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3525611162185669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2229345142841339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.08243662118911743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.07989493012428284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77928131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193343","display_name":"Tectonics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2109.14274","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2109.14274","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2109.14274","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1860839","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1860839","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2109.14274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2109.14274","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2109.14274","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"mag:3214266893","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2021/file/8ca01ea920679a0fe3728441494041b9-Paper.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363606243","display_name":"neural information processing systems","issn_l":"1049-5258","issn":["1049-5258"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-2"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Neural Information Processing Systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2109.14274","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2109.14274","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2109.14274","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1356433355","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE\u2010AC5207NA27344","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338286","funder_display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G14554683","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DEAC5207NA27344","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2145270357","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC52\u201007NA27344","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3669113783","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"07NA27344","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338286","funder_display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G895790057","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC52","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338286","funder_display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G991281326","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC52-07NA27344","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338286","funder_display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338286","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3202423259.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3202423259.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1821462560","https://openalex.org/W1834627138","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1915485278","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2190008860","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2273348943","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2605409611","https://openalex.org/W2788403449","https://openalex.org/W2896125160","https://openalex.org/W2936967648","https://openalex.org/W2944173897","https://openalex.org/W2953945697","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963276306","https://openalex.org/W2964013315","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2994850125","https://openalex.org/W2995327724","https://openalex.org/W3009086677","https://openalex.org/W3034525349","https://openalex.org/W3034957837","https://openalex.org/W3085152052","https://openalex.org/W3090584982","https://openalex.org/W3094613840","https://openalex.org/W3103242287","https://openalex.org/W3103313582","https://openalex.org/W3110868588","https://openalex.org/W3121939794","https://openalex.org/W3174865552"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4287330604","https://openalex.org/W4394596498","https://openalex.org/W4411244762","https://openalex.org/W4224859072","https://openalex.org/W3215295836","https://openalex.org/W7207629923","https://openalex.org/W4225464498","https://openalex.org/W4401157522","https://openalex.org/W4415254043","https://openalex.org/W2954879068"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Explanation":[0],"techniques":[1],"that":[2,120,139],"synthesize":[3,84],"small,":[4],"interpretable":[5],"changes":[6,14,39],"to":[7,28,36,48,65,83,96,102,169,188],"a":[8,98,107,152,160],"given":[9,108],"image":[10,116,148],"while":[11,43],"producing":[12,128,170],"desired":[13],"in":[15,114,167],"the":[16,31,49,58,66,72,77,87,174],"model":[17],"prediction":[18],"have":[19,62],"become":[20],"popular":[21],"for":[22,106,127,136],"introspecting":[23],"black-box":[24],"models.":[25],"Commonly":[26],"referred":[27],"as":[29],"counterfactuals,":[30],"synthesized":[32],"explanations":[33,105],"are":[34,125,178,186],"required":[35],"contain":[37],"discernible":[38],"(for":[40],"easy":[41],"interpretability)":[42],"also":[44],"being":[45],"realistic":[46],"(consistency":[47],"data":[50],"manifold).":[51],"In":[52],"this":[53],"paper,":[54],"we":[55,61,118],"focus":[56],"on":[57],"case":[59],"where":[60],"access":[63],"only":[64],"trained":[67],"deep":[68,81,99,122,142],"classifier":[69,182],"and":[70,157,185],"not":[71],"actual":[73],"training":[74,88],"data.":[75],"While":[76],"problem":[78],"of":[79],"inverting":[80],"models":[82],"images":[85],"from":[86,176],"distribution":[89],"has":[90],"been":[91],"explored,":[92],"our":[93],"goal":[94],"is":[95],"develop":[97],"inversion":[100,123,143],"approach":[101],"generate":[103],"counterfactual":[104],"query":[109],"image.":[110],"Despite":[111],"their":[112],"effectiveness":[113],"conditional":[115],"synthesis,":[117],"show":[119],"existing":[121],"methods":[124],"insufficient":[126],"meaningful":[129,172],"counterfactuals.":[130],"We":[131,164],"propose":[132],"DISC":[133,177],"(Deep":[134],"Inversion":[135],"Synthesizing":[137],"Counterfactuals)":[138],"improves":[140],"upon":[141],"by":[144],"utilizing":[145],"(a)":[146],"stronger":[147],"priors,":[149],"(b)":[150],"incorporating":[151],"novel":[153],"manifold":[154],"consistency":[155],"objective":[156],"(c)":[158],"adopting":[159],"progressive":[161],"optimization":[162],"strategy.":[163],"find":[165],"that,":[166],"addition":[168],"visually":[171],"explanations,":[173],"counterfactuals":[175],"effective":[179],"at":[180],"learning":[181],"decision":[183],"boundaries":[184],"robust":[187],"unknown":[189],"test-time":[190],"corruptions.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2021-10-11T00:00:00"}
