{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3202227172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/traumacare1030012","title":"Are Trauma Surgery Simulation Courses Beneficial in Low- and Middle-Income Countries\u2014A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","display_name":"Are Trauma Surgery Simulation Courses Beneficial in Low- and Middle-Income Countries\u2014A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3202227172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/traumacare1030012","mag":"3202227172"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/traumacare1030012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/traumacare1030012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/traumacare1030012","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-866X/1/3/12/pdf?version=1632822000","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228462","display_name":"Trauma Care","issn_l":"2673-866X","issn":["2673-866X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Trauma Care","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-866X/1/3/12/pdf?version=1632822000","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008392872","display_name":"Yousuf Hashmi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0847-4898","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0847-4898"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yousuf Hashmi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK","Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0847-4898","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066070183","display_name":"Nashmeeya Ayyaz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nashmeeya Ayyaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019563180","display_name":"Hamza Umar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2782-9105","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2782-9105"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamza Umar","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064651927","display_name":"Anam Jawaid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8292-9707","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8292-9707"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anam Jawaid","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042926722","display_name":"Zubair Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6267-6442","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6267-6442","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6617-9556"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799307867","display_name":"Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/048emj907","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308923049","https://openalex.org/I2799307867"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34931013","display_name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0187kwz08","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34931013"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136696","display_name":"NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/042sjcz88","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34931013","https://openalex.org/I4210136696"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zubair Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Trauma Sciences Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK","Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK","Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6267-6442","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Trauma Sciences Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799307867","https://openalex.org/I34931013","https://openalex.org/I4210136696"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008392872","https://openalex.org/A5042926722"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799307867","https://openalex.org/I34931013","https://openalex.org/I4210136696","https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1080},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1080},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"3","first_page":"130","last_page":"142"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10916","display_name":"Surgical Simulation and Training","score":0.9419000148773193,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10916","display_name":"Surgical Simulation and Training","score":0.9419000148773193,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11731","display_name":"Global Health and Surgery","score":0.03449999913573265,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11238","display_name":"Simulation-Based Education in Healthcare","score":0.01489999983459711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgical-training","display_name":"surgical training","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-and-middle-income-countries","display_name":"low- and middle-income countries","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgical-skills","display_name":"surgical skills","score":0.44999998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgeon-confidence","display_name":"surgeon confidence","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-inequality","display_name":"resource inequality","score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-cooperation","display_name":"international cooperation","score":0.7549999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6890479922294617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018472363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Low and middle income countries","level":3,"score":0.6116816997528076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.5408475995063782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.5344210267066956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.46231067180633545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.43382757902145386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.3850901126861572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.33939066529273987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194828623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470","display_name":"Emergency medicine","level":1,"score":0.32143235206604004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.24112239480018616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.12112647294998169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/traumacare1030012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/traumacare1030012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/traumacare1030012","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-866X/1/3/12/pdf?version=1632822000","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228462","display_name":"Trauma Care","issn_l":"2673-866X","issn":["2673-866X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Trauma Care","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e3c871529fa44306844d9d73bfd3d0ee","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e3c871529fa44306844d9d73bfd3d0ee","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Trauma Care, Vol 1, Iss 3, Pp 130-142 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/f060c047-2b8a-4846-bfb1-1ebb3e255f2b","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/f060c047-2b8a-4846-bfb1-1ebb3e255f2b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Hashmi , Y , Ayyaz , N , Umar , H , Jawaid , A & Ahmed , Z 2021 , ' Are trauma surgery simulation courses beneficial in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries\u2014a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis ' , Trauma Care , vol. 1 , no. 3 , pp. 130-142 . https://doi.org/10.3390/traumacare1030012","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/traumacare1030012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/traumacare1030012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/traumacare1030012","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-866X/1/3/12/pdf?version=1632822000","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228462","display_name":"Trauma Care","issn_l":"2673-866X","issn":["2673-866X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Trauma Care","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506},{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.8877999782562256},{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8278999924659729},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.4000000059604645}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"},{"display_name":"Meta-Analysis","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3202227172.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3202227172.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W201851314","https://openalex.org/W1588589459","https://openalex.org/W1966139071","https://openalex.org/W1983244558","https://openalex.org/W1987202914","https://openalex.org/W1990352175","https://openalex.org/W1994658432","https://openalex.org/W2007872832","https://openalex.org/W2026157481","https://openalex.org/W2039913122","https://openalex.org/W2043861297","https://openalex.org/W2049922314","https://openalex.org/W2062197121","https://openalex.org/W2062330870","https://openalex.org/W2067432465","https://openalex.org/W2084743552","https://openalex.org/W2128989910","https://openalex.org/W2140153393","https://openalex.org/W2145637655","https://openalex.org/W2151747458","https://openalex.org/W2161270176","https://openalex.org/W2167513331","https://openalex.org/W2170200798","https://openalex.org/W2396446670","https://openalex.org/W2467448525","https://openalex.org/W2540541119","https://openalex.org/W2540696133","https://openalex.org/W2607283336","https://openalex.org/W2765105336","https://openalex.org/W2794012795","https://openalex.org/W2809401007","https://openalex.org/W2887203368","https://openalex.org/W2920204363","https://openalex.org/W2925973735","https://openalex.org/W2977767898","https://openalex.org/W2986265601","https://openalex.org/W3007349864","https://openalex.org/W3012742029","https://openalex.org/W3049304841","https://openalex.org/W3127548311","https://openalex.org/W4239486765"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2524538212","https://openalex.org/W3197453661","https://openalex.org/W4206653672","https://openalex.org/W4361288164","https://openalex.org/W3047723445","https://openalex.org/W2320773645","https://openalex.org/W2808251287","https://openalex.org/W4417355097","https://openalex.org/W7140113803","https://openalex.org/W2069850779"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"trauma-related":[1],"injuries":[2],"being":[3],"a":[4,73,118,151],"leading":[5],"cause":[6],"of":[7,30,50,120,134,159],"death":[8],"worldwide,":[9],"low-":[10],"and":[11,18,32,65,76,81,101,186,211],"middle-income":[12],"countries":[13],"(LMICs)":[14],"lack":[15],"the":[16,28,47,182,204],"infrastructure":[17],"resources":[19],"required":[20],"to":[21,44,56,180],"offer":[22],"immediate":[23],"surgical":[24],"care,":[25],"further":[26,176],"perpetuating":[27],"risk":[29],"morbidity":[31],"mortality.":[33],"In":[34,123],"high-income":[35],"countries,":[36],"trauma":[37,87,198],"surgery":[38,88],"simulation":[39,89],"courses":[40,60,170],"are":[41,61,171,190],"routinely":[42],"delivered":[43],"surgeons,":[45],"teaching":[46],"fundamental":[48],"skills":[49,161],"operative":[51,160],"trauma.":[52],"This":[53],"study":[54,149],"aimed":[55],"assess":[57],"whether":[58,187],"similar":[59],"beneficial":[62,172],"in":[63,90,154,173],"LMICs":[64],"how":[66],"they":[67],"can":[68],"be":[69],"improved.":[70],"We":[71,166],"performed":[72],"systematic":[74],"review":[75,105],"meta-analysis":[77,126],"using":[78],"MEDLINE,":[79],"Embase":[80],"Google":[82],"Scholar,":[83],"analysing":[84],"studies":[85,114],"evaluating":[86],"LMICs.":[91],"The":[92,104],"outcomes":[93,189],"measured":[94],"included":[95],"clinical":[96],"knowledge":[97,135],"improvement,":[98],"participant":[99,155],"confidence":[100,156],"general":[102],"course-feedback.":[103],"was":[106],"carried":[107],"out":[108],"in-line":[109],"with":[110],"PRISMA":[111],"guidelines.":[112],"Five":[113],"were":[115],"included,":[116],"summating":[117],"population":[119],"172":[121],"participants.":[122],"three":[124],"studies,":[125],"showed":[127],"an":[128],"overall":[129],"significant":[130,152],"weighted":[131],"mean":[132],"improvement":[133],"post-course":[136],"by":[137],"22.91%":[138],"(95%CI":[139],"19.53,":[140],"26.29;":[141],"p":[142],"<":[143,164],"0.00001;":[144],"I2":[145],"=":[146],"0%).":[147],"One":[148],"reported":[150],"increase":[153],"for":[157,202],"20/22":[158],"taught":[162],"(p":[163],"0.04).":[165],"conclude":[167],"that":[168],"these":[169],"LMICs;":[174],"however,":[175],"research":[177],"is":[178,200],"necessary":[179],"establish":[181],"optimum":[183],"course":[184],"design,":[185],"patient":[188],"improved":[191],"following":[192],"their":[193],"implementation.":[194],"Collaboration":[195],"between":[196,209],"international":[197],"institutions":[199],"essential":[201],"closing":[203],"educational":[205],"resource":[206],"inequality":[207],"gap":[208],"higher-":[210],"lower-income":[212],"countries.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2021-10-11T00:00:00"}