{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3202034776","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3115215","title":"On-Site/In Situ Continuous Detecting ppb-Level Metal Ions in Drinking Water Using Block Loop-Gap Resonators and Machine Learning","display_name":"On-Site/In Situ Continuous Detecting ppb-Level Metal Ions in Drinking Water Using Block Loop-Gap Resonators and Machine Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3202034776","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3115215","mag":"3202034776"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3115215","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3115215","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3115215","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042733688","display_name":"Sangmin Oh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3319-983X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3319-983X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102461120","display_name":"Marquette University","ror":"https://ror.org/04gr4te78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sangmin Oh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Marquette University, Milwaukee, 53233, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3319-983X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Marquette University, Milwaukee, 53233, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065630488","display_name":"Imtiaz Hossen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2931-0518","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2931-0518"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102461120","display_name":"Marquette University","ror":"https://ror.org/04gr4te78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Imtiaz Hossen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Marquette University, Milwaukee, 53233, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2931-0518","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Marquette University, Milwaukee, 53233, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071942182","display_name":"Juan Luglio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0023-7633","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0023-7633"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan Luglio","raw_affiliation_strings":["JRL Engineering, Milwaukee, 53200, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0023-7633","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"JRL Engineering, Milwaukee, 53200, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060190911","display_name":"Gusphyl A. Justin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6179-0091","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6179-0091"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401726911","display_name":"A.O. Smith (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01s63dd48","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401726911"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gusphyl Justin","raw_affiliation_strings":["A.O. Smith Corporate Technology Center, Milwaukee, 53224, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6179-0091","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"A.O. Smith Corporate Technology Center, Milwaukee, 53224, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401726911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002757591","display_name":"James E. Richie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8713-1411","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8713-1411"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102461120","display_name":"Marquette University","ror":"https://ror.org/04gr4te78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James E. Richie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Marquette University, Milwaukee, 53233, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8713-1411","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Marquette University, Milwaukee, 53233, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045290448","display_name":"Henry Ponti Medeiros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7704-5587","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7704-5587"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102461120","display_name":"Marquette University","ror":"https://ror.org/04gr4te78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henry Medeiros","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Marquette University, Milwaukee, 53233, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7704-5587","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Marquette University, Milwaukee, 53233, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041592299","display_name":"Chung Hoon Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5313-1050","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5313-1050"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102461120","display_name":"Marquette University","ror":"https://ror.org/04gr4te78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chung Hoon Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Marquette University, Milwaukee, 53233, USA. (e-mail: chunghoon.lee@marquette.edu)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5313-1050","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Marquette University, Milwaukee, 53233, USA. (e-mail: chunghoon.lee@marquette.edu)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2045,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2045},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3719,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.50887188,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11607","display_name":"Microwave and Dielectric Measurement Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11607","display_name":"Microwave and Dielectric Measurement Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14249","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metal-ion-detection","display_name":"metal ion sensing","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drinking-water","display_name":"drinking water","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lead-concentration","display_name":"lead content","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave-probe","display_name":"microwave probe","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ppb-level-detection","display_name":"ppb-level detection","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-regression","display_name":"support vector regression","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interfering-metal-ions","display_name":"interfering metal ions","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-monitoring","display_name":"continuous monitoring","score":0.6309999823570251}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97126364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349669","display_name":"Resonator","level":2,"score":0.5992293357849121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145148216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36496","display_name":"Ion","level":2,"score":0.5923569202423096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113196181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","level":2,"score":0.5337710380554199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5280267596244812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199164860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6822745","display_name":"Metal ions in aqueous solution","level":3,"score":0.508522629737854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44838205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127995","display_name":"Microwave","level":2,"score":0.498349666595459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4946708381175995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.4889897108078003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184670325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q512604","display_name":"Loop (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.4149352014064789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544153396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11426","display_name":"Metal","level":2,"score":0.4011248052120209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.2571648955345154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.20844709873199463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.19129228591918945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15763288736343384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.15695858001708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1378907859325409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11127561330795288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.09614589810371399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08386853337287903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3115215","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3115215","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3115215","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:epublications.marquette.edu:electric_fac-1681","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://epublications.marquette.edu/electric_fac/675","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401682","display_name":"e-Publications@Marquette (Marquette University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I102461120","host_organization_name":"Marquette University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research and Publications","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.9090999960899353,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5920944622","display_name":"I/UCRC Phase II:  Collaborative Research: Water Equipment and Policy Center","funder_award_id":"1540032","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8230927652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIP-1540010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313814","funder_display_name":"Marquette University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313814","display_name":"Marquette University","ror":"https://ror.org/04gr4te78"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W48590271","https://openalex.org/W322095840","https://openalex.org/W564769590","https://openalex.org/W653058417","https://openalex.org/W1770293976","https://openalex.org/W1952120599","https://openalex.org/W1963983339","https://openalex.org/W1964395545","https://openalex.org/W1974443306","https://openalex.org/W1977051851","https://openalex.org/W1983244170","https://openalex.org/W2008956037","https://openalex.org/W2025740977","https://openalex.org/W2028811036","https://openalex.org/W2034355138","https://openalex.org/W2058714575","https://openalex.org/W2060585571","https://openalex.org/W2069006076","https://openalex.org/W2074508164","https://openalex.org/W2088924720","https://openalex.org/W2094364880","https://openalex.org/W2097675757","https://openalex.org/W2106576602","https://openalex.org/W2123506034","https://openalex.org/W2129330264","https://openalex.org/W2133865602","https://openalex.org/W2157057676","https://openalex.org/W2159889580","https://openalex.org/W2165150390","https://openalex.org/W2170389431","https://openalex.org/W2171553863","https://openalex.org/W2317472117","https://openalex.org/W2415097629","https://openalex.org/W2465957993","https://openalex.org/W2499314044","https://openalex.org/W2595362216","https://openalex.org/W2891262528","https://openalex.org/W2947038911","https://openalex.org/W3043122921","https://openalex.org/W3168970012","https://openalex.org/W4234891409"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7165842714","https://openalex.org/W2788681646","https://openalex.org/W4386760368","https://openalex.org/W4321614593","https://openalex.org/W3111758452","https://openalex.org/W2888265772","https://openalex.org/W4400243195","https://openalex.org/W4393281168","https://openalex.org/W2013023837","https://openalex.org/W3145647012"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Microwave":[0],"measurements":[1],"and":[2,29,58,76,85,115,120],"machine":[3],"learning":[4],"algorithms":[5],"are":[6,81],"presented":[7],"to":[8,31,83,102],"estimate":[9,32,86,103],"metal":[10,68,87,111],"ion":[11,34,69,88],"concentrations":[12,35,89,105],"in":[13,36,106],"drinking":[14],"water.":[15],"A":[16],"novel":[17],"Block":[18],"Loop":[19],"Gap":[20],"Resonator":[21],"(BLGR)":[22],"as":[23,39,41],"a":[24,91],"microwave":[25],"probe":[26,57],"is":[27,117,122],"designed":[28],"fabricated":[30],"Pb":[33,104],"city":[37],"water":[38,60],"low":[40],"1":[42],"ppb":[43],"with":[44],"an":[45],"RMS":[46],"error":[47,128],"of":[48,66,98,109],"0.18":[49],"ppb.":[50],"No":[51],"physical":[52],"contact":[53],"between":[54],"the":[55,59,79,99,107,125],"BLGR":[56,80],"sample":[61],"allows":[62],"on-site/in-situ":[63],"continuous":[64],"detection":[65],"ppb-level":[67],"concentrations.":[70],"The":[71,96],"S11":[72],"raw":[73],"data":[74],"(amplitude":[75],"phase)":[77],"from":[78],"used":[82],"classify":[84],"using":[90],"support":[92],"vector":[93],"regression":[94],"algorithm.":[95],"performance":[97],"proposed":[100],"method":[101],"presence":[108],"interfering":[110],"ions":[112],"(Cu2+,":[113],"Fe3+,":[114],"Zn2+)":[116],"also":[118],"evaluated,":[119],"it":[121],"found":[123],"that":[124],"average":[126],"measurement":[127],"remains":[129],"less":[130],"than":[131],"13%.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2021-10-11T00:00:00"}
