{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3198298972","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiab114","title":"How \u2018making the world in its own liberal image\u2019 made the West less liberal","display_name":"How \u2018making the world in its own liberal image\u2019 made the West less liberal","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3198298972","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiab114","mag":"3198298972"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/ia/iiab114","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiab114","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiab114","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/ia/article-pdf/97/5/1353/40304206/iiab114.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79519963","display_name":"International Affairs","issn_l":"0020-5850","issn":["0020-5850","1468-2346","1473-7981","1473-799X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Affairs","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/ia/article-pdf/97/5/1353/40304206/iiab114.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Benjamin Miller","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Miller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yale University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yale University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"],"apc_list":{"value":3107,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":4661},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.2898,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97229514,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"97","issue":"5","first_page":"1353","last_page":"1375"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10053","display_name":"International Relations and Foreign Policy","score":0.46000000834465027,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10053","display_name":"International Relations and Foreign Policy","score":0.46000000834465027,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13995","display_name":"Globalization and political ideologies","score":0.3418000042438507,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11397","display_name":"Populism, Right-Wing Movements","score":0.0560000017285347,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liberal-internationalism","display_name":"liberal internationalism","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-cold-war-us-foreign-policy","display_name":"post-Cold War US foreign policy","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liberalization","display_name":"liberalization","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china-s-integration-into-the-global-economy","display_name":"China's integration into the global economy","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democracy-promotion","display_name":"democracy promotion","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/illiberalism","display_name":"illiberalism","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brexit","display_name":"Brexit","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trumpism","display_name":"Trumpism","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-populism","display_name":"economic populism","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-populism","display_name":"cultural populism","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrorism","display_name":"terrorism","score":0.6420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/muslim-migration","display_name":"Muslim migration","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/us-intervention-in-the-middle-east","display_name":"US intervention in the Middle East","score":0.703000009059906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526877150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180490","display_name":"Populism","level":3,"score":0.7338535785675049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547727832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6216","display_name":"Liberalism","level":3,"score":0.6148301959037781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.5819684267044067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.5775609612464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50764671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407747","display_name":"Resentment","level":3,"score":0.5753484964370728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5591080784797668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111439079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192125","display_name":"Liberal democracy","level":4,"score":0.5389737486839294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.5152633190155029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776535124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2357355","display_name":"Economic collapse","level":3,"score":0.4519122540950775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.4435003995895386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203133693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7283","display_name":"Terrorism","level":2,"score":0.4119774401187897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2638360261917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.21433037519454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2021249532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.158640056848526}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/ia/iiab114","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiab114","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiab114","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/ia/article-pdf/97/5/1353/40304206/iiab114.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79519963","display_name":"International Affairs","issn_l":"0020-5850","issn":["0020-5850","1468-2346","1473-7981","1473-799X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Affairs","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/ia/iiab114","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiab114","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiab114","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/ia/article-pdf/97/5/1353/40304206/iiab114.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79519963","display_name":"International Affairs","issn_l":"0020-5850","issn":["0020-5850","1468-2346","1473-7981","1473-799X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Affairs","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6207000017166138}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7799999713897705}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3198298972.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3198298972.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W327242119","https://openalex.org/W2162670720","https://openalex.org/W2487285894","https://openalex.org/W2727880884","https://openalex.org/W2781951579","https://openalex.org/W2897040972","https://openalex.org/W2955268321","https://openalex.org/W2982501544"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2082500117","https://openalex.org/W3026052126","https://openalex.org/W2773950980","https://openalex.org/W4375933316","https://openalex.org/W2750997342","https://openalex.org/W2940784688","https://openalex.org/W4213126451","https://openalex.org/W2945447873","https://openalex.org/W1497219402","https://openalex.org/W3167623702"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"How":[1],"did":[2],"the":[3,7,14,19,22,25,35,42,56,61,75,80,83,87,93,105,108,112,115,131,137,148,154,164,168,177,182,188],"attempt":[4],"to":[5,28,153,176],"make":[6],"world":[8],"more":[9],"liberal":[10,43,161],"end":[11,20],"up":[12],"making":[13],"West":[15,94],"less":[16],"liberal?":[17],"Following":[18],"of":[21,34,50,58,89,107,130,134,156,170,173,184,193],"Cold":[23],"War":[24],"US":[26],"tried":[27],"promote":[29],"liberalism":[30],"in":[31,45,71,86,92,97,147,163,187],"various":[32],"parts":[33],"world.":[36],"This":[37],"promotion":[38],"took":[39,124],"place":[40,125],"under":[41],"belief":[44],"its":[46],"universality.":[47],"A":[48],"few":[49],"these":[51,117],"attempts":[52,109],"succeeded,":[53],"most":[54],"notably":[55,69],"integration":[57,133],"China":[59,135],"into":[60,136],"global":[62],"economy.":[63],"Many":[64],"other":[65],"liberalizing":[66],"endeavours":[67],"failed,":[68],"democracy-promotion":[70],"China,":[72],"Russia":[73],"and":[74,82,99,114,172,196],"Middle":[76,165],"East.":[77],"Yet,":[78,140],"both":[79],"successes":[81],"failures":[84,113],"resulted":[85],"rise":[88,155,169,183],"illiberal":[90],"elements":[91],"as":[95],"reflected":[96],"Brexit":[98],"Trumpism.":[100],"The":[101,120,159],"article":[102],"shows":[103],"how":[104],"outcomes":[106,151],"at":[110,126],"liberalization\u2014both":[111],"successes\u2014generated":[116],"populist":[118],"forces.":[119],"Chinese":[121],"economic":[122,145,157],"success":[123,142],"least":[127],"partly":[128],"because":[129],"US-led":[132],"international":[138],"order.":[139],"this":[141],"produced":[143],"adverse":[144],"effects":[146],"West.":[149,178],"Such":[150],"led":[152],"populism.":[158],"American":[160],"interventions":[162],"East":[166],"affected":[167],"terrorism":[171],"Muslim":[174],"migration":[175],"These":[179],"developments":[180],"influenced":[181],"cultural":[185],"populism":[186],"West,":[189],"which":[190],"advances":[191],"resentment":[192],"foreigners,":[194],"migrants":[195],"minorities.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-17T09:40:24.721904","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}