{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3198293575","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2021200113","title":"Practical Guide to Natural Language Processing for Radiology","display_name":"Practical Guide to Natural Language Processing for Radiology","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3198293575","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2021200113","mag":"3198293575","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34469212"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1148/rg.2021200113","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2021200113","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2021200113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26381749","display_name":"Radiographics","issn_l":"0271-5333","issn":["0271-5333","1527-1323"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315931","host_organization_name":"Radiological Society of North America","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315931"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Radiological Society of North America"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"RadioGraphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081153245","display_name":"Ali Mozayan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1987-937X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1987-937X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Mozayan","raw_affiliation_strings":["From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208042, Tompkins East 2, New Haven, CT 06520 (A.M., M.M., I.T., S.C.); and Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, Conn (A.R.F.)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1987-937X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208042, Tompkins East 2, New Haven, CT 06520 (A.M., M.M., I.T., S.C.); and Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, Conn (A.R.F.)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023648764","display_name":"Alexander R. Fabbri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4670-704X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4670-704X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander R. Fabbri","raw_affiliation_strings":["From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208042, Tompkins East 2, New Haven, CT 06520 (A.M., M.M., I.T., S.C.); and Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, Conn (A.R.F.)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4670-704X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208042, Tompkins East 2, New Haven, CT 06520 (A.M., M.M., I.T., S.C.); and Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, Conn (A.R.F.)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031370866","display_name":"Michelle N. Maneevese","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michelle Maneevese","raw_affiliation_strings":["From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208042, Tompkins East 2, New Haven, CT 06520 (A.M., M.M., I.T., S.C.); and Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, Conn (A.R.F.)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208042, Tompkins East 2, New Haven, CT 06520 (A.M., M.M., I.T., S.C.); and Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, Conn (A.R.F.)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051025651","display_name":"Irena M. Tocino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4874-6843","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4874-6843"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irena Tocino","raw_affiliation_strings":["From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208042, Tompkins East 2, New Haven, CT 06520 (A.M., M.M., I.T., S.C.); and Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, Conn (A.R.F.)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4874-6843","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208042, Tompkins East 2, New Haven, CT 06520 (A.M., M.M., I.T., S.C.); and Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, Conn (A.R.F.)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078013267","display_name":"Sophie Chheang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sophie Chheang","raw_affiliation_strings":["From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208042, Tompkins East 2, New Haven, CT 06520 (A.M., M.M., I.T., S.C.); and Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, Conn (A.R.F.)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208042, Tompkins East 2, New Haven, CT 06520 (A.M., M.M., I.T., S.C.); and Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, Conn (A.R.F.)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8081,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91610415,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"5","first_page":"1446","last_page":"1453"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.4108999967575073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.4108999967575073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.35030001401901245,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.09300000220537186,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"natural language processing","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology-reports","display_name":"radiology reports","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-text-analysis","display_name":"free text analysis","score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-workflow","display_name":"clinical workflow","score":0.3790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardized-reporting","display_name":"standardized reporting","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word2vec","display_name":"Word2Vec","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bert","display_name":"BERT","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-natural-language-processing","display_name":"history of natural language processing","score":0.6549999713897705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7351721525192261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.638677716255188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6024430990219116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5754382014274597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5225762128829956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48946893215179443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776461190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22673982","display_name":"Word2vec","level":3,"score":0.487781822681427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157170001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781507","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.4577653706073761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4313514232635498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.36653369665145874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.12786653637886047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011859","descriptor_name":"Radiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011871","descriptor_name":"Radiology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1148/rg.2021200113","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2021200113","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2021200113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26381749","display_name":"Radiographics","issn_l":"0271-5333","issn":["0271-5333","1527-1323"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315931","host_organization_name":"Radiological Society of North America","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315931"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Radiological Society of North America"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"RadioGraphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34469212","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34469212","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4000000059604645,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W109941524","https://openalex.org/W1532325895","https://openalex.org/W1736726159","https://openalex.org/W1976610063","https://openalex.org/W2169818249","https://openalex.org/W2396881363","https://openalex.org/W2785863263","https://openalex.org/W2926850261","https://openalex.org/W2956530858","https://openalex.org/W2995225687","https://openalex.org/W3035833355","https://openalex.org/W3099218959","https://openalex.org/W4213009331","https://openalex.org/W4231254085","https://openalex.org/W4307979480"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2338526423","https://openalex.org/W4416895370","https://openalex.org/W3129922404","https://openalex.org/W4293206507","https://openalex.org/W4225013498","https://openalex.org/W7202243771","https://openalex.org/W7202199004","https://openalex.org/W2884083855","https://openalex.org/W2989940768","https://openalex.org/W4211059769"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Natural":[0],"language":[1,236],"processing":[2],"(NLP)":[3],"is":[4,19,178,220,256],"the":[5,12,24,39,57,102,119,133,193,216,223,227,242],"subset":[6],"of":[7,15,29,41,59,90,95,105,122,135,153,191,226,246,251],"artificial":[8],"intelligence":[9],"focused":[10],"on":[11,169,183],"computer":[13,100],"interpretation":[14],"human":[16,91],"language.":[17,92],"It":[18,32],"an":[20],"invaluable":[21],"tool":[22],"in":[23,38,112],"analysis,":[25],"aggregation,":[26],"and":[27,49,66,83,98,107,110,173,195,201,205,213,229,244],"simplification":[28],"free":[30,158],"text.":[31],"has":[33,127],"already":[34],"demonstrated":[35],"significant":[36,128],"potential":[37,67,121,129],"analysis":[40],"radiology":[42,126,141],"reports.":[43],"There":[44],"are":[45,207],"abundant":[46],"open-source":[47],"libraries":[48],"tools":[50,206],"available":[51,203,257],"that":[52],"facilitate":[53,84],"its":[54,64,154,184,199],"application":[55],"to":[56,72,118,130,137,143,156,176,186,198,209,222],"benefit":[58,131],"radiology.":[60,187],"Radiologists":[61],"who":[62],"understand":[63,76],"limitations":[65],"will":[68],"be":[69],"better":[70],"positioned":[71],"evaluate":[73],"NLP":[74,136,146,164,177,247],"models,":[75,237],"how":[77],"they":[78],"can":[79],"improve":[80],"clinical":[81],"workflow,":[82],"research":[85],"endeavors":[86],"involving":[87],"large":[88,103,120],"amounts":[89],"The":[93],"advent":[94],"increasingly":[96],"affordable":[97],"powerful":[99],"processing,":[101],"quantities":[104],"medical":[106],"radiologic":[108],"data,":[109],"advances":[111],"machine":[113],"learning":[114],"algorithms":[115],"have":[116,239],"contributed":[117],"NLP.":[123],"In":[124],"turn,":[125],"from":[132,148,234],"ability":[134,155],"convert":[138],"relatively":[139],"standardized":[140,149],"reports":[142],"machine-readable":[144],"data.":[145],"benefits":[147],"reporting,":[150],"but":[151],"because":[152],"interpret":[157],"text":[159],"by":[160],"using":[161],"context":[162],"clues,":[163],"does":[165],"not":[166],"necessarily":[167],"depend":[168],"it.":[170],"An":[171],"overview":[172],"practical":[174],"approach":[175],"featured,":[179],"with":[180],"specific":[181],"emphasis":[182],"applications":[185],"A":[188],"brief":[189],"history":[190],"NLP,":[192],"strengths":[194],"challenges":[196],"inherent":[197],"use,":[200],"freely":[202],"resources":[204],"covered":[208],"guide":[210],"further":[211],"exploration":[212],"study":[214],"within":[215],"field.":[217],"Particular":[218],"attention":[219],"devoted":[221],"recent":[224],"development":[225],"Word2Vec":[228],"BERT":[230],"(Bidirectional":[231],"Encoder":[232],"Representations":[233],"Transformers)":[235],"which":[238],"exponentially":[240],"increased":[241],"power":[243],"utility":[245],"for":[248,258],"a":[249],"variety":[250],"applications.":[252],"Online":[253],"supplemental":[254],"material":[255],"this":[259],"article.":[260],"\u00a9RSNA,":[261],"2021":[262]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2021-09-13T00:00:00"}