{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3194167622","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qce52317.2021.00033","title":"Quantum Optimization Heuristics with an Application to Knapsack Problems","display_name":"Quantum Optimization Heuristics with an Application to Knapsack Problems","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3194167622","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qce52317.2021.00033","mag":"3194167622"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/qce52317.2021.00033","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qce52317.2021.00033","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2108.08805","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014707551","display_name":"Wim van Dam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7852-6158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wim van Dam","raw_affiliation_strings":["QC Ware UC Santa Barbara"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"QC Ware UC Santa Barbara","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061680900","display_name":"Karim Eldefrawy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4008-0047"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298353152","display_name":"SRI International","ror":"https://ror.org/05s570m15","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karim Eldefrawy","raw_affiliation_strings":["SRI International","SRI-International"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRI International","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRI-International","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059598536","display_name":"Nicholas Genise","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8625-472X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298353152","display_name":"SRI International","ror":"https://ror.org/05s570m15","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas Genise","raw_affiliation_strings":["SRI International","SRI-International"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRI International","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRI-International","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042095445","display_name":"Natalie Parham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8792-1229"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natalie Parham","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo QC Ware"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo QC Ware","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4122,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69080517,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"160","last_page":"170"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.984000027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9740999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knapsack-problem","display_name":"Knapsack problem","score":0.8011919260025024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.7880157828330994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.6646119356155396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.5848385691642761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maxima-and-minima","display_name":"Maxima and minima","score":0.5771681666374207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5332548022270203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-algorithm","display_name":"Quantum algorithm","score":0.5021440982818604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greedy-algorithm","display_name":"Greedy algorithm","score":0.4783696234226227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.44751572608947754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-knapsack-problem","display_name":"Continuous knapsack problem","score":0.4191807210445404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.35851073265075684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.34051966667175293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.06324845552444458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.05991896986961365}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113138325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864457","display_name":"Knapsack problem","level":2,"score":0.8011919260025024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.7880157828330994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.6646119356155396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.5848385691642761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186633575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845060","display_name":"Maxima and minima","level":2,"score":0.5771681666374207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5332548022270203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137019171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623817","display_name":"Quantum algorithm","level":3,"score":0.5021440982818604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51823790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504353","display_name":"Greedy algorithm","level":2,"score":0.4783696234226227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.44751572608947754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94569963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165487","display_name":"Continuous knapsack problem","level":3,"score":0.4191807210445404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.35851073265075684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.34051966667175293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.06324845552444458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.05991896986961365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/qce52317.2021.00033","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qce52317.2021.00033","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2108.08805","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2108.08805","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2108.08805","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2108.08805","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2108.08805","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"mag:3194167622","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2108.08805","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2108.08805","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2108.08805","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","ror":"https://ror.org/0447fe631"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3194167622.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1568345435","https://openalex.org/W1622946479","https://openalex.org/W1992821923","https://openalex.org/W2029688298","https://openalex.org/W2098002863","https://openalex.org/W2127172809","https://openalex.org/W2158114082","https://openalex.org/W2754868542","https://openalex.org/W2939513517","https://openalex.org/W3029819693","https://openalex.org/W3035310783","https://openalex.org/W3088409280","https://openalex.org/W3108054890","https://openalex.org/W3194167622","https://openalex.org/W4231002519","https://openalex.org/W4241781167","https://openalex.org/W6634007516","https://openalex.org/W6779640607"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2805793034","https://openalex.org/W2809828719","https://openalex.org/W2108321445","https://openalex.org/W1969814716","https://openalex.org/W1636965069","https://openalex.org/W2728873992","https://openalex.org/W3200361107","https://openalex.org/W72735690","https://openalex.org/W2520065525","https://openalex.org/W2121667311","https://openalex.org/W2333257440","https://openalex.org/W1558032106","https://openalex.org/W3099327692","https://openalex.org/W2897109076","https://openalex.org/W3032195481","https://openalex.org/W2601767467","https://openalex.org/W920623715","https://openalex.org/W2783833771","https://openalex.org/W3001126316","https://openalex.org/W2167400825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"introduces":[2],"two":[3,85],"techniques":[4,86],"that":[5,108],"make":[6],"the":[7,27,46,52,67,72,76,81,89,97,109],"standard":[8],"Quantum":[9],"Approximate":[10],"Optimization":[11],"Algorithm":[12],"(QAOA)":[13],"more":[14],"suitable":[15],"for":[16],"constrained":[17],"optimization":[18,48,112],"problems.":[19],"The":[20,60,105],"first":[21],"technique":[22,62],"describes":[23],"how":[24],"to":[25,35,44,50,65,70],"use":[26],"outcome":[28],"of":[29,83,96],"a":[30],"prior":[31],"greedy":[32,58,77],"classical":[33,119],"algorithm":[34,49,91],"define":[36],"an":[37],"initial":[38,57],"quantum":[39,47,68,90,103,111],"state":[40],"and":[41],"mixing":[42],"operation":[43],"adjust":[45],"explore":[51],"possible":[53],"answers":[54],"around":[55,75],"this":[56],"solution.":[59],"second":[61],"is":[63],"used":[64],"nudge":[66],"exploration":[69],"avoid":[71],"local":[73],"minima":[74],"solutions.":[78],"To":[79],"analyze":[80],"benefits":[82],"these":[84],"we":[87],"run":[88],"on":[92],"known":[93],"hard":[94],"instances":[95],"Knapsack":[98],"Problem":[99],"using":[100],"unit":[101],"depth":[102],"circuits.":[104],"results":[106],"show":[107],"adjusted":[110],"heuristics":[113],"typically":[114],"perform":[115],"better":[116],"than":[117],"various":[118],"heuristics.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T08:55:40.977307","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}