{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3192117384","doi":null,"title":"Automatic Annotation of Models for Object Classification in Real Time Object Detection","display_name":"Automatic Annotation of Models for Object Classification in Real Time Object Detection","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3192117384","mag":"3192117384"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:ltu-86061","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-86061","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400653","display_name":"Diva portal (Dalarna University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-86061","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015830870","display_name":"Tom Hammarkvist","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tom Hammarkvist","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015830870"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-annotation","display_name":"automatic annotation","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semi-automatic-annotation","display_name":"semi-automatic annotation","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"object detection","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/yolov3","display_name":"YOLOv3","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-interpolation","display_name":"linear interpolation","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-frame-interpolation","display_name":"frame interpolation","score":0.4740000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construction-equipment","display_name":"construction machinery","score":0.42500001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wheel-loader","display_name":"wheel loader","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dump-trucks","display_name":"dump trucks","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-annotation","display_name":"data annotation","score":0.5460000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-object-detection","display_name":"real-time object detection","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-classification","display_name":"object classification","score":0.5139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-and-recall-evaluation","display_name":"precision and recall evaluation","score":0.550000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomous-vehicles","display_name":"autonomous vehicles","score":0.47600001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construction-automation","display_name":"construction automation","score":0.36500000953674316}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.8271468877792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.7156167030334473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6535353660583496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.6298559904098511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5865716338157654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5372346043586731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.39570531249046326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.21652311086654663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21073949337005615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:ltu-86061","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-86061","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400653","display_name":"Diva portal (Dalarna University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis"},{"id":"mag:3192117384","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ltu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:1574016","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:ltu-86061","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-86061","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400653","display_name":"Diva portal (Dalarna University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2040870580","https://openalex.org/W2340897893","https://openalex.org/W2556543544","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2836694521","https://openalex.org/W2911952840","https://openalex.org/W2959193261","https://openalex.org/W2964073328","https://openalex.org/W2973696262","https://openalex.org/W3021654819","https://openalex.org/W3027326484","https://openalex.org/W3046238886","https://openalex.org/W3091506353"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390419036","https://openalex.org/W3212710861","https://openalex.org/W2740988216","https://openalex.org/W2131271532","https://openalex.org/W7164667463","https://openalex.org/W2907363451","https://openalex.org/W4411342897","https://openalex.org/W4408092648","https://openalex.org/W4403929730","https://openalex.org/W7072062890"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,85,243,278,309,360],"times":[1],"of":[2,20,26,61,71,142,150,236,301,319,324,334,373,377,386,389,428,433,440],"manual":[3],"labour":[4],"are":[5],"changing":[6],"as":[7],"automation":[8,27],"grows":[9],"larger":[10,12],"and":[11,73,98,108,177,209,223,239,255,379,415,436],"by":[13,174],"the":[14,21,37,53,69,103,109,151,184,218,233,285,299,302,306,328,349,356,364,390,404,420],"day.":[15],"Self-driving":[16],"vehicles":[17,29],"being":[18,33],"one":[19],"more":[22],"well":[23],"known":[24],"examples":[25],"(the":[28],"in":[30,36,68,76,95,102,132,183,217,296,340,403],"this":[31,131,188],"thesis":[32],"those":[34],"found":[35],"construction":[38],"industry),":[39],"relies":[40],"on":[41],"a":[42,56,88,148,168,175,190,195,201,251,264,317,322,332,345,370,375,380,397,431],"machine":[43],"learning":[44],"network":[45,54],"to":[46,80,119,128,137,160,167,294,304,331,342,355],"recognize":[47],"its":[48],"surroundings.":[49],"To":[50],"achieve":[51,161],"this,":[52],"needs":[55,118],"dataset.":[57,359],"A":[58],"dataset":[59,169,191,368],"consists":[60],"two":[62],"things,":[63],"data,":[64],"which":[65,123,170,249,280,291,392],"usually":[66],"come":[67],"form":[70,141],"images,":[72],"annotated":[74,173,358,367],"labels":[75,86,300],"order":[77,341],"for":[78,100,232,283],"it":[79,83,117,135,165,179],"learn":[81],"what":[82,92,155,268],"sees.":[84],"is":[87,115,134,178],"descriptor":[89],"that":[90,146,363],"describes":[91],"objects":[93,106],"exists":[94],"an":[96,273,437],"image,":[97],"coordinates":[99],"where":[101,194,348,406],"image":[104],"these":[105],"exists,":[107],"area":[110],"they":[111],"occupy.":[112],"As":[113],"data":[114],"collected,":[116],"be":[120,158],"manually":[121,357,366],"annotated,":[122],"can":[124,157],"take":[125],"several":[126],"months":[127],"finish.":[129],"With":[130],"mind,":[133],"possible":[136,271],"set":[138,398],"up":[139,330],"some":[140],"semi-automatic":[143],"annotation":[144],"step":[145],"does":[147,164],"majority":[149],"work?":[152],"If":[153],"so,":[154],"techniques":[156],"used":[159,216,231],"this?":[162],"How":[163],"compare":[166],"have":[171],"been":[172,270],"human?":[176],"even":[180],"worth":[181],"implementing":[182],"first":[185],"place?":[186],"For":[187],"research,":[189],"was":[192,247,276,281,288,292,311,338],"collected":[193],"remote":[196],"controlled":[197],"wheel":[198],"loader":[199],"approached":[200,369,425],"stationary":[202],"dump":[203],"truck,":[204],"at":[205,263,313],"various":[206],"different":[207,211,314],"angles,":[208],"during":[210],"conditions.":[212],"Four":[213],"videos":[214,229],"were":[215,230],"trainingset,":[219],"containing":[220],"679":[221],"images":[222,238],"their":[224,240],"respective":[225,241],"labels.":[226,242],"Two":[227],"other":[228],"validationset,":[234],"consisting":[235],"120":[237],"chosen":[244,282],"object":[245],"detector":[246],"YOLOv3,":[248],"has":[250],"low":[252],"inference":[253],"time":[254],"high":[256],"accuracy.":[257],"This":[258,337],"helped":[259],"with":[260,298],"gathering":[261],"results":[262,361,402],"faster":[265],"rate":[266],"than":[267],"would've":[269],"if":[272],"older":[274],"version":[275],"chosen.":[277],"method":[279],"doing":[284],"automatic":[286],"annotations":[287],"linear":[289],"interpolation,":[290],"implemented":[293],"work":[295],"conjunction":[297],"trainingset":[303],"approximate":[305],"corresponding":[307],"values.":[308],"interpolation":[310],"done":[312,339],"frame":[315],"gaps,":[316],"gap":[318,323,333],"10":[320],"frames,":[321,326],"20":[325],"all":[327,424],"way":[329],"60":[335],"frames.":[336],"help":[343],"locate":[344],"sweet":[346],"spot,":[347],"model":[350],"had":[351,393],"similar":[352,401],"performance":[353],"compared":[354],"showed":[362,419],"fully":[365],"precision":[371,383,426],"value":[372,385,439],"0.8,":[374,430],"recall":[376,432],"0.96,":[378],"mean":[381],"average":[382],"(mAP)":[384],"0.95.":[387],"Some":[388],"models":[391],"interpolated":[394],"frames":[395],"between":[396,408],"gap,":[399],"achieved":[400],"metrics,":[405],"interpolating":[407],"every":[409,412,416],"10th":[410],"frame,":[411,414,418],"20th":[413],"30th":[417],"most":[421],"promise.":[422],"They":[423],"values":[427],"around":[429,434,441],"0.94,":[435],"mAP":[438],"0.9.":[442]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2021-08-16T00:00:00"}
