{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3191860418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1089/chi.2021.0026","title":"Associations of Percent Body Fat and Motor Skill Development in Preschool-Aged Children: National Youth Fitness Survey","display_name":"Associations of Percent Body Fat and Motor Skill Development in Preschool-Aged Children: National Youth Fitness Survey","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3191860418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1089/chi.2021.0026","mag":"3191860418","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34382836"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1089/chi.2021.0026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1089/chi.2021.0026","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/chi.2021.0026","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764951208","display_name":"Childhood Obesity","issn_l":"2153-2168","issn":["2153-2168","2153-2176"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320443","host_organization_name":"Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320443","https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Childhood Obesity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048834431","display_name":"Aaron P. Wood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3930-2359","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3930-2359"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aaron P. Wood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3930-2359","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009570523","display_name":"Amy Gross McMillan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3439-563X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3439-563X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186335123","display_name":"East Carolina University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vx35703","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186335123"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amy Gross McMillan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physical Therapy, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Therapy, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186335123"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025551501","display_name":"Satomi Imai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9732-8859","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9732-8859"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186335123","display_name":"East Carolina University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vx35703","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186335123"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Satomi Imai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Public Health, and East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Health, and East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186335123"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012176769","display_name":"Damon Leo Swift","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6223-6930","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6223-6930"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186335123","display_name":"East Carolina University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vx35703","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186335123"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Damon Swift","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA","East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186335123"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186335123"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091075077","display_name":"Katrina Drowatzky DuBose","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9686-8741","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9686-8741"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186335123","display_name":"East Carolina University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vx35703","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186335123"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katrina D. DuBose","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA","East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186335123"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186335123"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048834431"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9675,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86130291,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":"50","last_page":"55"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12241","display_name":"Children's Physical and Motor Development","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12241","display_name":"Children's Physical and Motor Development","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10010","display_name":"Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet","score":0.00570000009611249,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10352","display_name":"Physical Activity and Health","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/body-fat-percentage","display_name":"body fat percentage","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/body-composition","display_name":"body composition","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-skill-development","display_name":"motor skill development","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preschool-children","display_name":"preschool children","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gross-motor-development","display_name":"gross motor development","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/locomotor-skills","display_name":"locomotor skills","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-control-skills","display_name":"object control skills","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skinfold-thickness","display_name":"skinfold thickness","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lean-muscle-mass","display_name":"lean muscle mass","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/body-fat","display_name":"fat mass","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underweight","display_name":"underweight","score":0.5180000066757202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114735433","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5610504","display_name":"Gross motor skill","level":3,"score":0.6743761897087097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332428","display_name":"Overweight","level":3,"score":0.6488847136497498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169976356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13208902","display_name":"Motor skill","level":2,"score":0.6071091890335083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781121325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1146902","display_name":"Underweight","level":4,"score":0.5857700705528259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780221984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131191","display_name":"Body mass index","level":2,"score":0.5164211392402649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120863210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17064264","display_name":"Lean body mass","level":3,"score":0.507035493850708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511355011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12174","display_name":"Obesity","level":2,"score":0.493692010641098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61427482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6656244","display_name":"Anthropometry","level":2,"score":0.48372724652290344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4622480869293213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4321366548538208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.4275365471839905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173354102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1510887","display_name":"Raven's Progressive Matrices","level":3,"score":0.4165298640727997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.4072829782962799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147583825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620876","display_name":"Body weight","level":2,"score":0.3380003273487091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.2806508541107178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.2310461401939392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.16850054264068604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.14029929041862488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000273","descriptor_name":"Adipose Tissue","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001823","descriptor_name":"Body Composition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009048","descriptor_name":"Motor Skills","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015444","descriptor_name":"Exercise","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015992","descriptor_name":"Body Mass Index","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D063766","descriptor_name":"Pediatric Obesity","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1089/chi.2021.0026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1089/chi.2021.0026","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/chi.2021.0026","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764951208","display_name":"Childhood Obesity","issn_l":"2153-2168","issn":["2153-2168","2153-2176"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320443","host_organization_name":"Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320443","https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Childhood Obesity","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34382836","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34382836","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Childhood obesity (Print)","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9537000060081482}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1492942215","https://openalex.org/W1562379360","https://openalex.org/W1565446748","https://openalex.org/W1964625946","https://openalex.org/W1997369420","https://openalex.org/W2000648295","https://openalex.org/W2007686075","https://openalex.org/W2014412117","https://openalex.org/W2016385613","https://openalex.org/W2036183995","https://openalex.org/W2059637666","https://openalex.org/W2072217075","https://openalex.org/W2093510969","https://openalex.org/W2100118700","https://openalex.org/W2111614577","https://openalex.org/W2114718565","https://openalex.org/W2132399639","https://openalex.org/W2760805261","https://openalex.org/W2809044706","https://openalex.org/W2883136285","https://openalex.org/W2966955440","https://openalex.org/W3020826100","https://openalex.org/W4249704931"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3042093750","https://openalex.org/W4294818961","https://openalex.org/W4221002082","https://openalex.org/W3117051944","https://openalex.org/W3207241832","https://openalex.org/W4386710843","https://openalex.org/W2562878723","https://openalex.org/W2760805261","https://openalex.org/W2893536446","https://openalex.org/W2964616162"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Body":[1],"composition":[2,27,279],"and":[3,15,28,63,67,80,110,116,126,140,163,172,288],"motor":[4,29,119,266,289],"skill":[5,30,87,267,290],"development":[6,17,31,88,291],"are":[7],"important":[8],"for":[9,123,157],"the":[10,23,51,92,106,187,296,300],"engagement":[11],"in":[12,32,50,292,299],"physical":[13],"activity":[14],"healthy":[16],"of":[18,94,191,277],"children.":[19,36,294],"This":[20],"study":[21],"examined":[22],"associations":[24,107,285],"between":[25,286],"body":[26,69,278],"3-":[33],"to":[34,104,306],"5-year-old":[35],"Methods:":[37],"Data":[38],"from":[39],"preschool-aged":[40,293],"children":[41,132],"(":[42,198,218,237,269],"N":[43],"=":[44,200,205,208,213,220,225,228,233,239,244,247,252],"342,":[45],"51%":[46],"males)":[47],"who":[48],"participated":[49],"2012":[52],"National":[53],"Youth":[54],"Fitness":[55],"Survey":[56],"were":[57,65,83,102,133,142,165,179],"analyzed.":[58],"Skinfold":[59],"measurements":[60],"(subscapular,":[61],"calf,":[62],"triceps)":[64],"taken":[66],"percent":[68],"fat":[70,81,260],"(%BF)":[71],"was":[72,89,150,193,262],"calculated":[73],"using":[74],"sex-specific":[75],"equations.":[76],"Lean":[77],"muscle":[78,257],"mass":[79,82,258,261],"also":[84],"calculated.":[85],"Motor":[86,96],"determined":[90],"by":[91],"Test":[93],"Gross":[95],"Development-2nd":[97],"Edition":[98],".":[99],"Regression":[100,182],"analyses":[101,183],"performed":[103],"determine":[105],"among":[108],"%BF":[109,149,188],"locomotor":[111,158,196],"skills,":[112,115,159,162],"object":[113,160,215],"control":[114,161,216],"overall":[117],"gross":[118],"quotient":[120],"(GMQ),":[121],"controlling":[122],"sex,":[124],"race,":[125],"poverty":[127],"index":[128],"ratio.":[129],"Results:":[130],"Most":[131],"classified":[134],"as":[135],"with":[136,144,195,264],"underweight/healthy":[137],"weight":[138],"(69%)":[139],"31%":[141],"either":[143],"overweight":[145],"or":[146,235],"obesity.":[147],"Average":[148],"17.02%":[151],"\u00b1":[152,167,170,174,202,210,222,230,241,249],"0.27%.":[153],"The":[154],"standard":[155],"scores":[156,178],"GMQ":[164,236],"9.99":[166],"0.16,":[168],"8.52":[169],"0.14,":[171,250],"95.57":[173],"0.68,":[175],"respectively.":[176],"These":[177],"considered":[180],"average.":[181],"indicated":[184],"that":[185],"neither":[186,255],"nor":[189,259],"sum":[190],"skinfolds":[192],"associated":[194],"skills":[197,217],"\u03b2":[199,207,219,227,238,246],"\u22120.07":[201],"0.05,":[203],"p":[204,212,224,232,243,251,270],"0.63;":[206,245],"\u22120.03":[209],"0.03,":[211],"0.22),":[214],"0.03":[221],"0.04,":[223],"0.55;":[226],"0.00":[229],"0.02,":[231],"0.87),":[234],"\u22120.13":[240],"0.28,":[242],"\u22120.09":[248],"0.52).":[253],"Furthermore,":[254],"lean":[256],"related":[263],"any":[265],"measure":[268],">":[271],"0.05).":[272],"Conclusions:":[273],"Using":[274],"different":[275],"measures":[276],"may":[280],"provide":[281],"additional":[282,302],"insight":[283],"into":[284],"obesity":[287],"Given":[295],"inconsistent":[297],"findings":[298],"literature,":[301],"research":[303],"is":[304],"needed":[305],"elucidate":[307],"these":[308],"associations.":[309]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2021-08-16T00:00:00"}