{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3190939658","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv48922.2021.01481","title":"PASS: Protected Attribute Suppression System for Mitigating Bias in Face Recognition","display_name":"PASS: Protected Attribute Suppression System for Mitigating Bias in Face Recognition","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3190939658","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv48922.2021.01481","mag":"3190939658"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccv48922.2021.01481","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv48922.2021.01481","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv48922.2021.01481","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607764","display_name":"IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067560764","display_name":"Prithviraj Dhar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prithviraj Dhar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johns Hopkins University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058194061","display_name":"Joshua Gleason","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua Gleason","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, College Park"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101765905","display_name":"Aniket Roy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0241-4165","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0241-4165"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aniket Roy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johns Hopkins University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101861410","display_name":"Carlos D. Castillo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5308-4824","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5308-4824"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos D. Castillo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johns Hopkins University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102762707","display_name":"Rama Chellappa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7638-1650","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7638-1650"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rama Chellappa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johns Hopkins University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9025,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90836339,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"15067","last_page":"15076"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.003700000001117587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-leakage","display_name":"privacy leakage","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-bias","display_name":"gender bias","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identity-verification","display_name":"identity verification","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arcface","display_name":"ArcFace","score":0.7919999957084656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.6731826663017273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6173619031906128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5549277067184448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3150319457054138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.300220787525177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccv48922.2021.01481","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv48922.2021.01481","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv48922.2021.01481","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607764","display_name":"IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7578999996185303,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","display_name":"National Eye Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkg3b53"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","display_name":"Army Research Office","ror":"https://ror.org/05epdh915"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978642336","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2145287260","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2515770085","https://openalex.org/W2548780814","https://openalex.org/W2554757535","https://openalex.org/W2784397426","https://openalex.org/W2784874046","https://openalex.org/W2785486371","https://openalex.org/W2788416960","https://openalex.org/W2788481061","https://openalex.org/W2871667416","https://openalex.org/W2884985453","https://openalex.org/W2886610278","https://openalex.org/W2890129614","https://openalex.org/W2890680318","https://openalex.org/W2900326146","https://openalex.org/W2912376035","https://openalex.org/W2914620083","https://openalex.org/W2916903408","https://openalex.org/W2920753012","https://openalex.org/W2937229771","https://openalex.org/W2949386440","https://openalex.org/W2957285709","https://openalex.org/W2963466847","https://openalex.org/W2972933328","https://openalex.org/W2979582159","https://openalex.org/W2980688251","https://openalex.org/W2982232682","https://openalex.org/W2990036335","https://openalex.org/W2990751682","https://openalex.org/W3004382430","https://openalex.org/W3004749872","https://openalex.org/W3006421187","https://openalex.org/W3006613946","https://openalex.org/W3009247505","https://openalex.org/W3034256900","https://openalex.org/W3035057071","https://openalex.org/W3049767461","https://openalex.org/W3088754409","https://openalex.org/W3097003645","https://openalex.org/W3104123947","https://openalex.org/W3128522081","https://openalex.org/W3128923159","https://openalex.org/W4248892855"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3086067533","https://openalex.org/W4226548117","https://openalex.org/W3034861261","https://openalex.org/W3097003645","https://openalex.org/W7213403212","https://openalex.org/W7133191457","https://openalex.org/W3018301625","https://openalex.org/W4409264101","https://openalex.org/W7203468242","https://openalex.org/W4307415855"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Face":[0],"recognition":[1,141],"networks":[2,142],"encode":[3],"information":[4,135],"about":[5],"sensitive":[6,94],"attributes":[7],"while":[8,163],"being":[9],"trained":[10,74,83],"for":[11,100],"identity":[12],"classification.":[13],"Such":[14],"encoding":[15,92,120],"has":[16],"two":[17],"major":[18],"issues:":[19],"(a)":[20],"it":[21,31],"makes":[22],"the":[23,98,126,160],"face":[24,38,140],"representations":[25],"susceptible":[26],"to":[27,33,35,52,86,130],"privacy":[28],"leakage":[29],"(b)":[30],"appears":[32],"contribute":[34],"bias":[36,42,158],"in":[37,136,153],"recognition.":[39],"However,":[40],"existing":[41,151],"mitigation":[43],"approaches":[44],"generally":[45],"require":[46],"end-to-end":[47,101],"training":[48,113],"and":[49,89,133,156],"are":[50],"unable":[51],"achieve":[53],"high":[54,166],"verification":[55,167],"accuracy.":[56,168],"Therefore,":[57],"we":[58,108],"present":[59,109],"a":[60,104,110,117,146,165],"descriptor-based":[61],"adversarial":[62],"de-biasing":[63],"approach":[64],"called":[65],"\u2018Protected":[66],"Attribute":[67],"Suppression":[68],"System":[69],"(PASS)\u2019.":[70],"PASS":[71,129,148],"can":[72],"be":[73],"on":[75,159],"top":[76],"of":[77,93,106,128],"descriptors":[78,137,149],"obtained":[79],"from":[80,119,138],"any":[81],"previously":[82],"high-performing":[84],"network":[85,118],"classify":[87],"identities":[88],"simultaneously":[90],"reduce":[91,131],"attributes.":[95],"This":[96],"eliminates":[97],"need":[99],"training.":[102],"As":[103,145],"component":[105],"PASS,":[107],"novel":[111],"discriminator":[112],"strategy":[114],"that":[115],"discourages":[116],"protected":[121],"attribute":[122],"information.":[123],"We":[124],"show":[125],"efficacy":[127],"gender":[132,155],"skintone":[134,157],"SOTA":[139],"like":[143],"Arcface.":[144],"result,":[147],"outperform":[150],"baselines":[152],"reducing":[154],"IJB-C":[161],"dataset,":[162],"maintaining":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2021-08-16T00:00:00"}