{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3183045337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20503121211032810","title":"Prevalence of depressive symptoms due to COVID-19 and associated factors among healthcare workers in Southern Ethiopia","display_name":"Prevalence of depressive symptoms due to COVID-19 and associated factors among healthcare workers in Southern Ethiopia","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3183045337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20503121211032810","mag":"3183045337","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34345430","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8283042"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/20503121211032810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20503121211032810","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20503121211032810","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764485085","display_name":"SAGE Open Medicine","issn_l":"2050-3121","issn":["2050-3121"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SAGE Open Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20503121211032810","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031498886","display_name":"Zelalem Jabessa Wayessa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3416-6810","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3416-6810"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124021","display_name":"Bule Hora University","ror":"https://ror.org/038n8fg68","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124021"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zelalem Jabessa Wayessa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3416-6810","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124021"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031802726","display_name":"Girma Tufa Melesse","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0489-983X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0489-983X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124021","display_name":"Bule Hora University","ror":"https://ror.org/038n8fg68","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124021"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Girma Tufa Melesse","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124021"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059642213","display_name":"Elias Amaje","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8991-9579","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8991-9579","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7275-3138"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124021","display_name":"Bule Hora University","ror":"https://ror.org/038n8fg68","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124021"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elias Amaje Hadona","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8991-9579","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124021"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005025913","display_name":"Wako Golicha Wako","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4438-4304","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4438-4304"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124021","display_name":"Bule Hora University","ror":"https://ror.org/038n8fg68","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124021"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wako Golicha Wako","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124021"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031498886"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124021"],"apc_list":{"value":1125,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1125},"apc_paid":{"value":1125,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1125},"fwci":2.4373,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88898296,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"20503121211032810","last_page":"20503121211032810"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10168","display_name":"COVID-19 and Mental Health","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10168","display_name":"COVID-19 and Mental Health","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10795","display_name":"Healthcare professionals\u2019 stress and burnout","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10272","display_name":"Mental Health Treatment and Access","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depressive-symptoms","display_name":"depressive symptoms","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/healthcare-workers","display_name":"healthcare workers","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-health","display_name":"mental health","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prevalence","display_name":"prevalence","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-factors","display_name":"risk factors","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alcohol-consumption","display_name":"alcohol consumption","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/family-size","display_name":"family size","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-of-covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 knowledge","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"disease","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/west-guji-zone","display_name":"West Guji Zone","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-health-facilities","display_name":"public health facilities","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupational-stress","display_name":"occupational stress","score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depression","display_name":"depression","score":0.32100000977516174}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8243153095245361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.8182170391082764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.7368276119232178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776867660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1814941","display_name":"Depression (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5753946304321289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.4851682782173157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.4834819436073303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.4644968509674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.46113646030426025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.44689685106277466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143095724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515895","display_name":"Odds","level":3,"score":0.43162772059440613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.3873055577278137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.2914775609970093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.1826464831829071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.08789244294166565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/20503121211032810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20503121211032810","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20503121211032810","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764485085","display_name":"SAGE Open Medicine","issn_l":"2050-3121","issn":["2050-3121"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SAGE Open Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8283042","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8283042","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SAGE Open Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:34345430","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34345430","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SAGE open medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:26d3d03278e546678d692658332fc368","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/26d3d03278e546678d692658332fc368","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SAGE Open Medicine, Vol 9 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/20503121211032810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20503121211032810","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20503121211032810","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764485085","display_name":"SAGE Open Medicine","issn_l":"2050-3121","issn":["2050-3121"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SAGE Open Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2527339515","https://openalex.org/W2807669085","https://openalex.org/W2997272625","https://openalex.org/W3009506062","https://openalex.org/W3012832369","https://openalex.org/W3013448045","https://openalex.org/W3013752275","https://openalex.org/W3014712866","https://openalex.org/W3015811538","https://openalex.org/W3016216556","https://openalex.org/W3016592702","https://openalex.org/W3016823936","https://openalex.org/W3017441365","https://openalex.org/W3020448761","https://openalex.org/W3021065879","https://openalex.org/W3033726760","https://openalex.org/W3034429448","https://openalex.org/W3080207218","https://openalex.org/W3080592600","https://openalex.org/W3084096474","https://openalex.org/W3085193072","https://openalex.org/W3086229755","https://openalex.org/W3086990189","https://openalex.org/W3090142542","https://openalex.org/W3091815484","https://openalex.org/W3091849433","https://openalex.org/W3092407102","https://openalex.org/W3096233332","https://openalex.org/W3096478773","https://openalex.org/W3103954968","https://openalex.org/W3112394343","https://openalex.org/W3118577024","https://openalex.org/W3126849703","https://openalex.org/W3128156169","https://openalex.org/W3128412008","https://openalex.org/W3135041485","https://openalex.org/W3136003025","https://openalex.org/W3138213034","https://openalex.org/W3160285919","https://openalex.org/W3178245182","https://openalex.org/W3184725220","https://openalex.org/W3197508512","https://openalex.org/W6939324505"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6939324505","https://openalex.org/W3184725220","https://openalex.org/W4363673583","https://openalex.org/W4403639276","https://openalex.org/W3158436456","https://openalex.org/W3157903296","https://openalex.org/W3116625135","https://openalex.org/W3216873817","https://openalex.org/W4282583465","https://openalex.org/W4206777868"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Objectives:":[0],"Globally,":[1],"novel":[2],"coronavirus":[3],"disease":[4],"2019":[5],"(COVID-19)":[6],"has":[7],"spread":[8],"rapidly":[9],"since":[10],"it":[11],"was":[12,44,77,94,103,182,284],"first":[13],"identified":[14],"and":[15,55,115,124,147,256,303],"challenging":[16],"the":[17,47,62,85,107,143],"provision":[18],"of":[19,35,42,49,109,145,160,179,258,275,305],"essential":[20],"services":[21],"for":[22],"low-resource":[23],"countries.":[24],"Healthcare":[25],"workers":[26,60,280],"involved":[27],"in":[28,61,66,79,84,169],"providing":[29],"care":[30],"are":[31],"at":[32,153],"high":[33],"risk":[34],"developing":[36],"mental":[37],"health":[38,68,81],"problems.":[39],"The":[40,177,184,273],"aim":[41],"this":[43,170],"to":[45,53,96,105,141,192,282],"determine":[46],"prevalence":[48,108,178,274],"depressive":[50,180,189,276,289],"symptoms":[51,111,181,190,277,290],"due":[52,191,281],"COVID-19":[54,193,245,261,283],"associated":[56,187,287],"factors":[57],"among":[58,278],"healthcare":[59,163,279],"West":[63,86],"Guji":[64,87],"zone":[65],"public":[67,80],"facilities,":[69],"southern":[70],"Ethiopia.":[71],"Methods:":[72],"A":[73,89],"facility-based":[74],"cross-sectional":[75],"study":[76,99,102,171],"conducted":[78],"facilities":[82],"found":[83],"zone.":[88],"simple":[90],"random":[91],"sampling":[92],"technique":[93],"employed":[95],"select":[97],"283":[98,161],"subjects.":[100],"This":[101],"used":[104],"assess":[106,142],"depression":[110,119],"using":[112],"Depression,":[113],"Anxiety":[114],"Stress":[116],"Scale-21,":[117],"a":[118,154,173],"subscale.":[120],"Descriptive":[121],"statistics,":[122],"binary":[123],"multiple":[125],"logistic":[126],"regressions":[127],"were":[128,194,291],"used.":[129],"Adjusted":[130],"odds":[131,197,209,221,233,247,263],"ratios":[132],"(AORs)":[133],"with":[134,172,188,288],"95%":[135,201,213,225,237,251,267],"confidence":[136,202,214,226,238,252,268],"interval":[137,203,215,227,239,253,269],"will":[138,150],"be":[139,151],"estimated":[140],"strength":[144],"associations":[146],"statistical":[148],"significance":[149],"declared":[152],"p-value":[155],"<":[156],"0.05.":[157],"Results:":[158],"Out":[159],"eligible":[162],"workers,":[164],"275":[165],"respondents":[166],"had":[167],"participated":[168],"97.2%":[174],"response":[175],"rate.":[176],"21.5%.":[183],"independent":[185],"predictors":[186],"age":[195],"(adjusted":[196,208,220,232,246,262],"ratio":[198,210,222,234,248,264],"=":[199,204,211,216,223,228,235,240,249,254,265,270],"2.35,":[200],"1.126\u20133.95),":[205],"family":[206,293],"size":[207],"3.56,":[212],"1.09\u201311.62),":[217],"alcohol":[218,295],"use":[219],"4.31,":[224],"1.76\u201310.55),":[229],"medical":[230,297],"illness":[231],"9.56,":[236],"3.71\u201324.59),":[241],"having":[242,299],"training":[243,300],"on":[244,260,301,307],"0.37,":[250],"0.17\u20130.81),":[255],"lack":[257,304],"knowledge":[259,306],"15.34,":[266],"6.32\u201337.21).":[271],"Conclusion:":[272],"high.":[285],"Factors":[286],"age,":[292],"size,":[294],"use,":[296],"illness,":[298],"COVID\u201319,":[302],"COVID-19.":[308]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2021-07-19T00:00:00"}