{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3181237121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2020.1037","title":"Virtual Reality vs Dry Laboratory Models: Comparing Automated Performance Metrics and Cognitive Workload During Robotic Simulation Training","display_name":"Virtual Reality vs Dry Laboratory Models: Comparing Automated Performance Metrics and Cognitive Workload During Robotic Simulation Training","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3181237121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2020.1037","mag":"3181237121","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34235970"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1089/end.2020.1037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2020.1037","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2020.1037","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S182300451","display_name":"Journal of Endourology","issn_l":"0892-7790","issn":["0892-7790","1557-900X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320443","host_organization_name":"Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320443","https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Endourology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063923349","display_name":"Andrew Cowan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Cowan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Robotic Simulation and Education, Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, USC Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Robotic Simulation and Education, Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, USC Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101809865","display_name":"Jian Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6740-8401","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6740-8401"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Robotic Simulation and Education, Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, USC Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Robotic Simulation and Education, Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, USC Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088275885","display_name":"Samuel Mingo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Mingo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Robotic Simulation and Education, Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, USC Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Robotic Simulation and Education, Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, USC Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057812123","display_name":"Sharath S. Reddy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3291-0565","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3291-0565"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sharath S. Reddy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Robotic Simulation and Education, Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, USC Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Robotic Simulation and Education, Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, USC Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073157502","display_name":"Runzhuo Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6381-2661","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6381-2661"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Runzhuo Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Robotic Simulation and Education, Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, USC Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Robotic Simulation and Education, Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, USC Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060746906","display_name":"Sandra P. Marshall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3095-924X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3095-924X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandra Marshall","raw_affiliation_strings":["EyeTracking, Inc., Solana Beach, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EyeTracking, Inc., Solana Beach, California, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021507011","display_name":"Jessica H. Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8973-6126","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8973-6126"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jessica H. Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Robotic Simulation and Education, Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, USC Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Robotic Simulation and Education, Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, USC Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079456405","display_name":"Andrew J. Hung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7201-6736","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7201-6736"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrew J. Hung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Robotic Simulation and Education, Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, USC Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7201-6736","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Robotic Simulation and Education, Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, USC Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079456405"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4005,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93313184,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"10","first_page":"1571","last_page":"1576"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10916","display_name":"Surgical Simulation and Training","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10916","display_name":"Surgical Simulation and Training","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10254","display_name":"Innovations in Medical Education","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11238","display_name":"Simulation-Based Education in Healthcare","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality-surgical-simulation","display_name":"virtual reality surgical simulation","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotic-surgery-training","display_name":"robotic surgery training","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vesicourethral-anastomosis","display_name":"vesicourethral anastomosis","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-workload","display_name":"mental workload","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pupillary-response","display_name":"pupillary response","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skill-transferability","display_name":"skill transferability","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgical-expertise","display_name":"surgical expertise","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"eye tracking","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgical-skill-assessment","display_name":"surgical skill assessment","score":0.5270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laparoscopic-training","display_name":"laparoscopic surgery training","score":0.38199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instrument-kinematics","display_name":"instrument kinematics","score":0.48500001430511475}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.7220661640167236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6334565281867981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.5888429284095764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119060515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1916617","display_name":"Interquartile range","level":2,"score":0.5557533502578735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103203806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942348","display_name":"Robotic surgery","level":2,"score":0.5344139337539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.45581406354904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.44168901443481445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.43249940872192383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.40260565280914307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3936736285686493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37469640374183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.3419789969921112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.33015793561935425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.24538826942443848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1061236560344696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000066908","descriptor_name":"Simulation Training","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000066908","descriptor_name":"Simulation Training","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000066908","descriptor_name":"Simulation Training","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002983","descriptor_name":"Clinical Competence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002983","descriptor_name":"Clinical Competence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002983","descriptor_name":"Clinical Competence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007753","descriptor_name":"Laboratories","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007753","descriptor_name":"Laboratories","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007753","descriptor_name":"Laboratories","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019985","descriptor_name":"Benchmarking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019985","descriptor_name":"Benchmarking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019985","descriptor_name":"Benchmarking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D065287","descriptor_name":"Robotic Surgical Procedures","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D065287","descriptor_name":"Robotic Surgical Procedures","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D065287","descriptor_name":"Robotic Surgical Procedures","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1089/end.2020.1037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2020.1037","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2020.1037","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S182300451","display_name":"Journal of Endourology","issn_l":"0892-7790","issn":["0892-7790","1557-900X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320443","host_organization_name":"Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320443","https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Endourology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34235970","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34235970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of endourology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7246000170707703,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1486627259","https://openalex.org/W1906742952","https://openalex.org/W2116076808","https://openalex.org/W2170202608","https://openalex.org/W2287113866","https://openalex.org/W2741187991","https://openalex.org/W2788941211","https://openalex.org/W2916629625","https://openalex.org/W2963112510"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2487490720","https://openalex.org/W2793077515","https://openalex.org/W4292573045","https://openalex.org/W2126365059","https://openalex.org/W4386009577","https://openalex.org/W2981615369","https://openalex.org/W3130621552","https://openalex.org/W2606644627","https://openalex.org/W3048651736","https://openalex.org/W3183420953"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"This":[1,246],"study":[2,178],"compares":[3],"surgical":[4,48],"performance":[5,36,53,60,121,292],"during":[6,81,314],"analogous":[7,79],"vesico-urethral":[8],"anastomosis":[9],"(VUA)":[10],"tasks":[11,316],"in":[12,54,61,65,105,251,280],"two":[13,32,44],"robotic":[14,63,90],"training":[15,311],"environments,":[16,312],"virtual":[17],"reality":[18],"(VR)":[19],"and":[20,38,50,69,74,83,112,125,167,188,202,236,266,296],"dry":[21],"laboratory":[22],"(DL),":[23],"to":[24,46,154,239,300,320],"investigate":[25],"transferability":[26,304],"of":[27,150,195,259,305],"skill":[28],"assessment":[29],"across":[30,307],"the":[31,43,55,66,143,173,240,308],"platforms.":[33,309],"Utilizing":[34],"computer-generated":[35],"metrics":[37,102,122,197,216,293],"pupillary":[39,145],"data,":[40],"we":[41],"evaluated":[42],"environments":[45,282],"distinguish":[47,321],"expertise":[49,322],"ultimately":[51],"whether":[52],"VR":[56,82,201,215,295],"simulation":[57],"correlates":[58],"with":[59,248,285],"live":[62],"surgery":[64],"DL.":[67],"Materials":[68],"Methods:":[70],"Experts":[71],"(\u2265300":[72],"cases)":[73,77],"trainees":[75,190],"(<300":[76],"performed":[78],"VUAs":[80],"DL":[84,115,203,252,297,315],"sessions":[85],"on":[86],"a":[87],"da":[88],"Vinci":[89],"console":[91],"following":[92],"an":[93,130],"Institutional":[94],"Review":[95],"Board":[96],"(IRB)":[97],"approved":[98],"protocol":[99],"(HS-16-00318).":[100],"Twenty-two":[101],"were":[103,170],"generated":[104],"each":[106],"environment":[107],"(kinematic":[108],"metrics,":[109,111],"tissue":[110],"biometrics).":[113],"The":[114],"included":[116,179],"18":[117],"previously":[118],"validated":[119],"automated":[120],"(APMs)":[123],"(kinematics":[124],"event":[126],"metrics)":[127],"captured":[128],"by":[129,159],"Intuitive":[131],"system":[132],"data":[133],"recorder.":[134],"In":[135],"both":[136,281],"settings,":[137],"Tobii":[138],"Pro":[139],"Glasses":[140],"2":[141],"recorded":[142],"task-evoked":[144],"response":[146],"(reported":[147],"as":[148],"Index":[149],"Cognitive":[151],"Activity":[152],"[ICA])":[153],"indicate":[155],"cognitive":[156,161,277],"workload,":[157],"analyzed":[158],"EyeTracking":[160],"workload":[162,278],"software.":[163],"Pearson":[164],"correlation,":[165],"Mann\u2013Whitney,":[166],"independent":[168],"t-tests":[169],"used":[171],"for":[172],"comparative":[174],"analyses.":[175],"Results:":[176],"Our":[177],"six":[180],"experts":[181,286],"(median":[182],"caseload":[183],"1300":[184],"[interquartile":[185],"range":[186],"400\u20133000])":[187],"11":[189],"(25":[191],"[0\u2013250]).":[192],"A":[193],"total":[194],"8/9":[196],"directly":[198],"comparable":[199],"between":[200,294],"showed":[204],"significant":[205],"positive":[206],"correlation":[207],"(r":[208],"\u2265":[209],"0.554,":[210],"p":[211],"\u2264":[212,254,264],"0.032);":[213],"5/22":[214],"distinguished":[217],"expertise,":[218],"including":[219,256],"task":[220],"time":[221],"(p":[222,227,233,243,253,263,271,287],"=":[223,228,234,244,272],"0.031),":[224],"clutch":[225],"usage":[226],"0.040),":[229],"unnecessary":[230],"needle":[231],"piercing":[232],"0.026),":[235],"suspected":[237],"injury":[238],"endopelvic":[241],"fascia":[242],"0.040).":[245],"contrasts":[247],"14/22":[249],"APMs":[250,313],"0.038),":[255],"linear":[257],"velocities":[258],"all":[260],"three":[261],"instruments":[262],"0.038)":[265],"dominant-hand":[267],"instrument":[268],"wrist":[269],"articulation":[270],"0.013).":[273],"Trainees":[274],"experienced":[275],"higher":[276],"(ICA)":[279],"when":[283],"compared":[284],"<":[288],"0.036).":[289],"Conclusions:":[290],"Most":[291],"exhibited":[298],"moderate":[299],"strong":[301],"correlations,":[302],"showing":[303],"skills":[306],"Comparing":[310],"are":[317],"better":[318],"able":[319],"than":[323],"VR-generated":[324],"metrics.":[325]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-09-27T08:07:27.782135","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}