{"id":"https://openalex.org/W31740213","doi":null,"title":"The antimicrobial effects of extracts of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Salvadora persica (Arak) chewing sticks.","display_name":"The antimicrobial effects of extracts of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Salvadora persica (Arak) chewing sticks.","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W31740213","mag":"31740213","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10865390"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:10865390","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10865390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Indian journal of dental research : official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030363293","display_name":"Khalid Almas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2552-587X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2552-587X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"K Almas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Kalmas@su.edu.sa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Kalmas@su.edu.sa","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030363293"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9901,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":169,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74973106,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"1","first_page":"23","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10225","display_name":"Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity","score":0.6801999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10225","display_name":"Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity","score":0.6801999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10257","display_name":"Oral microbiology and periodontitis research","score":0.27000001072883606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3506","display_name":"Periodontics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12298","display_name":"Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants","score":0.01209999993443489,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2707","display_name":"Complementary and alternative medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chewing-sticks","display_name":"chewing sticks","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/miswak","display_name":"miswak","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neem","display_name":"Azadirachta indica","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salvadora-persica","display_name":"Salvadora persica","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arak","display_name":"Arak","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antimicrobial-activity","display_name":"antimicrobial activity","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plant-aqueous-extracts","display_name":"aqueous plant extract","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/streptococcus-mutans","display_name":"Streptococcus mutans","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enterococcus-faecalis","display_name":"Enterococcus faecalis","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oral-hygiene","display_name":"oral hygiene","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dental-plaque","display_name":"dental plaque","score":0.3840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibacterial-activity","display_name":"antibacterial activity","score":0.43799999356269836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781035296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21698","display_name":"Azadirachta","level":2,"score":0.9097444415092468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4937899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68541106","display_name":"Antimicrobial","level":2,"score":0.6515964865684509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5914745926856995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556039675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q771035","display_name":"Traditional medicine","level":1,"score":0.5562148094177246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C515851188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13445028","display_name":"Oral hygiene","level":2,"score":0.46808749437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779895986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q140014","display_name":"Enterococcus faecalis","level":4,"score":0.44234055280685425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199343813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128","display_name":"Dentistry","level":1,"score":0.3579874038696289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.17828920483589172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.10303109884262085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779489039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188121","display_name":"Staphylococcus aureus","level":3,"score":0.06684565544128418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523546767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876","display_name":"Bacteria","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000891","descriptor_name":"Anti-Infective Agents, Local","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002176","descriptor_name":"Candida albicans","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010936","descriptor_name":"Plant Extracts","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012529","descriptor_name":"Saudi Arabia","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013210","descriptor_name":"Staphylococcus","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013291","descriptor_name":"Streptococcus","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014099","descriptor_name":"Toothbrushing","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:10865390","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10865390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Indian journal of dental research : official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0cb9bcab83384f818c2d7c26e1f95929","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0cb9bcab83384f818c2d7c26e1f95929","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Indian Journal of Dental Research, Vol 10, Iss 1, Pp 23-6 (1999)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"mag:31740213","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10865390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":104,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W40147255","https://openalex.org/W58284848","https://openalex.org/W160287770","https://openalex.org/W239264043","https://openalex.org/W966597044","https://openalex.org/W1927509038","https://openalex.org/W1956140897","https://openalex.org/W1965306520","https://openalex.org/W1965641604","https://openalex.org/W1972280561","https://openalex.org/W1975144482","https://openalex.org/W1976781824","https://openalex.org/W1982328477","https://openalex.org/W1983082418","https://openalex.org/W1985710750","https://openalex.org/W1992255714","https://openalex.org/W1992716541","https://openalex.org/W2018358125","https://openalex.org/W2034430451","https://openalex.org/W2035804753","https://openalex.org/W2035976745","https://openalex.org/W2054228852","https://openalex.org/W2054398897","https://openalex.org/W2055526664","https://openalex.org/W2068055929","https://openalex.org/W2070680211","https://openalex.org/W2085931067","https://openalex.org/W2094113973","https://openalex.org/W2095807272","https://openalex.org/W2096343275","https://openalex.org/W2099566018","https://openalex.org/W2102019801","https://openalex.org/W2103992241","https://openalex.org/W2116351487","https://openalex.org/W2122902216","https://openalex.org/W2128001520","https://openalex.org/W2129269829","https://openalex.org/W2130238239","https://openalex.org/W2132670218","https://openalex.org/W2140451359","https://openalex.org/W2142277854","https://openalex.org/W2143637259","https://openalex.org/W2146392225","https://openalex.org/W2147316459","https://openalex.org/W2150037324","https://openalex.org/W2156098321","https://openalex.org/W2161408272","https://openalex.org/W2163143945","https://openalex.org/W2164481502","https://openalex.org/W2167480525","https://openalex.org/W2170036349","https://openalex.org/W2170808155","https://openalex.org/W2206568798","https://openalex.org/W2215088909","https://openalex.org/W2222263223","https://openalex.org/W2227927117","https://openalex.org/W2256030708","https://openalex.org/W2286113349","https://openalex.org/W2289337645","https://openalex.org/W2293194104","https://openalex.org/W2293432056","https://openalex.org/W2333915713","https://openalex.org/W2379581065","https://openalex.org/W2392469561","https://openalex.org/W2395689204","https://openalex.org/W2419517449","https://openalex.org/W2434802179","https://openalex.org/W2483187579","https://openalex.org/W2484174607","https://openalex.org/W2517571027","https://openalex.org/W2517874393","https://openalex.org/W2519386962","https://openalex.org/W2520806256","https://openalex.org/W2530010419","https://openalex.org/W2531084606","https://openalex.org/W2531420322","https://openalex.org/W2532235096","https://openalex.org/W2535073270","https://openalex.org/W2537247270","https://openalex.org/W2559312125","https://openalex.org/W2560565629","https://openalex.org/W2567221000","https://openalex.org/W2577370916","https://openalex.org/W2583921885","https://openalex.org/W2587785798","https://openalex.org/W2607056243","https://openalex.org/W2718071750","https://openalex.org/W2739802450","https://openalex.org/W2745111889","https://openalex.org/W2746444102","https://openalex.org/W2751147305","https://openalex.org/W2767368042","https://openalex.org/W2779040331","https://openalex.org/W2887074077","https://openalex.org/W2893154930","https://openalex.org/W2894860594","https://openalex.org/W2897303990","https://openalex.org/W2897556787","https://openalex.org/W2898614099","https://openalex.org/W2902665591","https://openalex.org/W2903769061","https://openalex.org/W2910505094","https://openalex.org/W2965338724","https://openalex.org/W6830023010"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2087835340","https://openalex.org/W2474702116","https://openalex.org/W4392213559","https://openalex.org/W2603498830","https://openalex.org/W4385791148","https://openalex.org/W2052966497","https://openalex.org/W3024423863","https://openalex.org/W19692186","https://openalex.org/W2084283393","https://openalex.org/W2062053927"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Chewing":[0,157],"sticks":[1,158],"(Miswak)":[2],"is":[3,147],"most":[4],"commonly":[5,22],"used":[6,23,153],"int":[7],"he":[8],"Middle":[9],"East":[10],"and":[11,17,41,62,79,94,114,140],"Indian":[12],"Subcontinent":[13],"Salvadora":[14],"persica":[15],"(Arak)":[16],"Azadirachta":[18],"indica":[19],"(Neem)":[20],"are":[21,106,159],"as":[24,161],"oral":[25,155,162],"hygiene":[26,163],"tools":[27,164],"in":[28,142,168],"different":[29],"parts":[30],"of":[31,44,49,57,60,89,95,136],"the":[32,38,55,134],"world,":[33],"Several":[34],"studies":[35],"have":[36],"demonstrated":[37],"anti-plaque":[39],"anticarious":[40],"antibacterial":[42],"effect":[43,129],"these":[45],"sticks.":[46],"The":[47,71,87,128],"aim":[48],"this":[50],"study":[51],"was":[52,74,92,97,119],"to":[53,84,133,149],"compare":[54],"effectiveness":[56],"antimicrobial":[58],"activity":[59],"Neem":[61,90],"Arak":[63,96,117],"chewing":[64,103],"stick's":[65],"aqueous":[66],"extracts":[67,105],"at":[68,108,122],"various":[69],"concentrations.":[70],"microbial":[72],"inhibition":[73],"measured":[75],"using":[76],"blood":[77],"agar":[78],"ditch":[80],"plate":[81],"method":[82],"up":[83],"48":[85],"hous.":[86],"pH":[88],"extract":[91,118],"6.1":[93],"4.9":[98],"Data":[99],"suggested":[100],"that":[101],"both":[102],"stick":[104],"effective":[107,121],"50%":[109],"concentration":[110],"on":[111],"strept":[112],"mutans":[113],"Strept":[115,126],"faecalis.":[116,127],"more":[120],"lower":[123],"concentrations":[124],"for":[125,154,165],"may":[130],"be":[131],"due":[132],"difference":[135],"their":[137,143],"chemical":[138],"composition":[139],"variability":[141],"PH.":[144],"Further":[145],"research":[146],"needed":[148],"extrapolate":[150],"other":[151],"plants":[152],"hygiene.":[156],"recommended":[160],"health":[166],"promotion":[167],"developing":[169],"countries.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":17}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
