{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3170000769","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060716","title":"Identification of a Representative Stationary Period for Rainfall Variability Description in the Sudano-Sahelian Zone of West Africa during the 1901\u20132018 Period","display_name":"Identification of a Representative Stationary Period for Rainfall Variability Description in the Sudano-Sahelian Zone of West Africa during the 1901\u20132018 Period","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3170000769","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060716","mag":"3170000769"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/atmos12060716","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060716","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060716","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/6/716/pdf?version=1622613072","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S946213959","display_name":"Atmosphere","issn_l":"2073-4433","issn":["2073-4433"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Atmosphere","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/6/716/pdf?version=1622613072","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061048673","display_name":"Boubacar Ibrahim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8535-477X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8535-477X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130359222","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Abdou Moumouni","ror":"https://ror.org/05tj8pb04","country_code":"NE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130359222"]}],"countries":["NE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Boubacar Ibrahim","raw_affiliation_strings":["D\u00e9partement de G\u00e9ologie, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et Techniques, Universit\u00e9 Abdou Moumouni de Niamey, P.O. Box 10896 Niamey, Niger"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"D\u00e9partement de G\u00e9ologie, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et Techniques, Universit\u00e9 Abdou Moumouni de Niamey, P.O. Box 10896 Niamey, Niger","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130359222"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071029128","display_name":"Yahaya Nazoumou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3015-7650","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3015-7650"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130359222","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Abdou Moumouni","ror":"https://ror.org/05tj8pb04","country_code":"NE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130359222"]}],"countries":["NE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yahaya Nazoumou","raw_affiliation_strings":["D\u00e9partement de G\u00e9ologie, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et Techniques, Universit\u00e9 Abdou Moumouni de Niamey, P.O. Box 10896 Niamey, Niger"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"D\u00e9partement de G\u00e9ologie, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et Techniques, Universit\u00e9 Abdou Moumouni de Niamey, P.O. Box 10896 Niamey, Niger","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130359222"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032035701","display_name":"Tazen Fow\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5586-8881","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5586-8881"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107488","display_name":"International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/0138r3j35","country_code":"BF","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107488"]}],"countries":["BF"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tazen Fowe","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE), 01 B.P 594 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5586-8881","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE), 01 B.P 594 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107488"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009216546","display_name":"Moussa Sidib\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5460-9557","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5460-9557"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100735","display_name":"West African Science Service Centre on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use","ror":"https://ror.org/0134qgb15","country_code":"GH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800093905","https://openalex.org/I4210100735"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moussa Sidibe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Competence Center, West African Science Service Center on Climate Change and Adapted Land (WASCAL), 06 B.P 9507 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Competence Center, West African Science Service Center on Climate Change and Adapted Land (WASCAL), 06 B.P 9507 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079890296","display_name":"Boubacar Barry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7170-9138","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7170-9138"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100735","display_name":"West African Science Service Centre on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use","ror":"https://ror.org/0134qgb15","country_code":"GH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800093905","https://openalex.org/I4210100735"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boubacar Barry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Competence Center, West African Science Service Center on Climate Change and Adapted Land (WASCAL), 06 B.P 9507 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Competence Center, West African Science Service Center on Climate Change and Adapted Land (WASCAL), 06 B.P 9507 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005557574","display_name":"Gil Mah\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0081-750X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0081-750X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19894307","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier","ror":"https://ror.org/051escj72","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19894307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019667749","display_name":"Laboratoire HydroSciences Montpellier","ror":"https://ror.org/00aycez97","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I19894307","https://openalex.org/I2802818602","https://openalex.org/I3019667749","https://openalex.org/I4210090127","https://openalex.org/I4210131494","https://openalex.org/I4210148025","https://openalex.org/I4210166444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127738","display_name":"IMT Mines Al\u00e8s","ror":"https://ror.org/03e8rf594","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205703379","https://openalex.org/I4210127738"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166444","display_name":"Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement","ror":"https://ror.org/05q3vnk25","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802818602","https://openalex.org/I4210090127","https://openalex.org/I4210131494","https://openalex.org/I4210166444"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gil Mah\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["HydroSciences Montpellier (HSM), Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier (UM), Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Ecole Nationale des Mines d\u2019Al\u00e8s (IMT Mine Al\u00e8s), 34090 Montpellier, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HydroSciences Montpellier (HSM), Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier (UM), Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Ecole Nationale des Mines d\u2019Al\u00e8s (IMT Mine Al\u00e8s), 34090 Montpellier, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I19894307","https://openalex.org/I3019667749","https://openalex.org/I4210127738","https://openalex.org/I4210166444"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000956779","display_name":"Jean\u2010Emmanuel Paturel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5103-9306","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5103-9306"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19894307","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier","ror":"https://ror.org/051escj72","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19894307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019667749","display_name":"Laboratoire HydroSciences Montpellier","ror":"https://ror.org/00aycez97","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I19894307","https://openalex.org/I2802818602","https://openalex.org/I3019667749","https://openalex.org/I4210090127","https://openalex.org/I4210131494","https://openalex.org/I4210148025","https://openalex.org/I4210166444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127738","display_name":"IMT Mines Al\u00e8s","ror":"https://ror.org/03e8rf594","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205703379","https://openalex.org/I4210127738"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166444","display_name":"Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement","ror":"https://ror.org/05q3vnk25","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802818602","https://openalex.org/I4210090127","https://openalex.org/I4210131494","https://openalex.org/I4210166444"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean-Emmanuel Paturel","raw_affiliation_strings":["HydroSciences Montpellier (HSM), Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier (UM), Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Ecole Nationale des Mines d\u2019Al\u00e8s (IMT Mine Al\u00e8s), 34090 Montpellier, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HydroSciences Montpellier (HSM), Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier (UM), Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Ecole Nationale des Mines d\u2019Al\u00e8s (IMT Mine Al\u00e8s), 34090 Montpellier, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I19894307","https://openalex.org/I3019667749","https://openalex.org/I4210127738","https://openalex.org/I4210166444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061048673"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130359222"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1944},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1944},"fwci":0.0779,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.34984912,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"6","first_page":"716","last_page":"716"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.7407000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.7407000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11186","display_name":"Hydrology and Drought Analysis","score":0.2524000108242035,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10439","display_name":"Climate change impacts on agriculture","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1102","display_name":"Agronomy and Crop Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rainfall-variability","display_name":"rainfall variability","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sudano-sahelian-zone","display_name":"Sudano-Sahelian zone","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/west-africa","display_name":"West Africa","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drought","display_name":"drought","score":0.5230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wet-and-dry-years","display_name":"wet and dry years","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shift-detection","display_name":"shift detection","score":0.42500001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gridded-precipitation","display_name":"gridded precipitation","score":0.7329999804496765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781291010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178580","display_name":"Period (music)","level":2,"score":0.7361111640930176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.6579474210739136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.556694507598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.5561931133270264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.4866955578327179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89128539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1949963","display_name":"Statistic","level":2,"score":0.4798419177532196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.38136357069015503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3304600119590759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.29647859930992126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21003228425979614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1705692708492279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.07861754298210144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/atmos12060716","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060716","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060716","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/6/716/pdf?version=1622613072","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S946213959","display_name":"Atmosphere","issn_l":"2073-4433","issn":["2073-4433"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Atmosphere","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04142323v1","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04142323","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405252976","host_organization_name":"Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405252976"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Atmosphere, 2021, 12 (6), pp.716. &#x27E8;10.3390/atmos12060716&#x27E9;","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e84d64e5a449400ca6eeadcd158ccdfd","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e84d64e5a449400ca6eeadcd158ccdfd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Atmosphere, Vol 12, Iss 6, p 716 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/atmos12060716","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060716","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060716","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/6/716/pdf?version=1622613072","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S946213959","display_name":"Atmosphere","issn_l":"2073-4433","issn":["2073-4433"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Atmosphere","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.685699999332428}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3170000769.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3170000769.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W394261391","https://openalex.org/W1671116712","https://openalex.org/W1867005924","https://openalex.org/W1973422505","https://openalex.org/W1973609976","https://openalex.org/W1978456656","https://openalex.org/W1979852215","https://openalex.org/W1994534011","https://openalex.org/W1999272437","https://openalex.org/W2003624368","https://openalex.org/W2009784110","https://openalex.org/W2015280142","https://openalex.org/W2017600855","https://openalex.org/W2022707226","https://openalex.org/W2033171668","https://openalex.org/W2037985489","https://openalex.org/W2047052963","https://openalex.org/W2051739928","https://openalex.org/W2065023783","https://openalex.org/W2065294164","https://openalex.org/W2070337735","https://openalex.org/W2074063924","https://openalex.org/W2096354233","https://openalex.org/W2113875758","https://openalex.org/W2115197882","https://openalex.org/W2143575806","https://openalex.org/W2159421729","https://openalex.org/W2241994055","https://openalex.org/W2329420046","https://openalex.org/W2561518666","https://openalex.org/W2796034401","https://openalex.org/W2901602211"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2582972692","https://openalex.org/W2115197882","https://openalex.org/W83419046","https://openalex.org/W1994438539","https://openalex.org/W2712117137","https://openalex.org/W1997579136","https://openalex.org/W2497797992","https://openalex.org/W2041715504","https://openalex.org/W4319934684","https://openalex.org/W2134379625"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"studies":[1,18],"have":[2],"been":[3],"undertaken":[4],"on":[5,23,61,87],"climate":[6],"variability":[7,55],"in":[8,20,44,78],"West":[9],"Africa":[10],"since":[11],"the":[12,31,36,101,105,112,115,118,128,133,138,169,172,175,179,188,192],"drastic":[13],"drought":[14],"of":[15,64,75,84,111,114,183,196],"1970s.":[16],"These":[17],"rely":[19],"many":[21],"cases":[22],"different":[24,89],"baseline":[25,51,125],"periods":[26,33],"chosen":[27],"with":[28,165],"regard":[29,155],"to":[30,47,97,156],"reference":[32],"defined":[34,144,164],"by":[35,145,149],"World":[37],"Meteorological":[38],"Organization.":[39],"A":[40],"method":[41,58,86],"is":[42,59,104,143,163],"developed":[43],"this":[45,85,124,157],"study":[46],"determine":[48],"a":[49,73,159,166],"stationary":[50,107],"period":[52,103,126,177,190],"for":[53],"rainfall":[54,79,91,121,130,141],"analysis.":[56],"The":[57,82],"based":[60],"an":[62,146],"application":[63,83],"three":[65],"statistic":[66],"tests":[67],"(on":[68],"deviation":[69,152],"and":[70,72,93,127,187],"trend)":[71],"test":[74],"shifts":[76],"detection":[77],"time":[80],"series.":[81],"six":[88],"gridded":[90],"data":[92],"observations":[94],"from":[95],"1901":[96],"2018":[98],"shows":[99,136],"that":[100,137],"1917\u20131946":[102],"longest":[106],"period.":[108],"An":[109],"assessment":[110],"significance":[113],"difference":[116],"between":[117],"mean":[119],"annual":[120,129,140],"amount":[122,131,142],"during":[123,132],"other":[134],"years":[135,186],"\u201cNormal\u201d":[139],"interval":[147],"delineated":[148],"\u00b1the":[150],"standard":[151],"(STD).":[153],"With":[154],"interval,":[158],"very":[160],"wet/dry":[161],"year":[162],"surplus/gap":[167],"over/below":[168],"STD.":[170],"Overall":[171],"1901\u20132018":[173],"period,":[174],"1950\u20131970":[176],"presents":[178,191],"most":[180,193],"important":[181,194],"number":[182,195],"significant":[184,197],"wet":[185],"1971\u20131990":[189],"dry":[198],"years.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2021-06-22T00:00:00"}
