{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3160589149","doi":null,"title":"Top-down Constraints on Regional Nitrous Oxide and Methane Emissions within the U.S. Corn Belt","display_name":"Top-down Constraints on Regional Nitrous Oxide and Methane Emissions within the U.S. Corn Belt","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3160589149","mag":"3160589149"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:conservancy.umn.edu:11299/198400","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11299/198400","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11299/198400","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402521","display_name":"University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","host_organization_name":"University of Minnesota","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis or Dissertation"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11299/198400","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075515173","display_name":"Zichong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2779-1554","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2779-1554"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zichong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2779-1554","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075515173"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":0.5282999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":0.5282999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10004","display_name":"Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics","score":0.42329999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11311","display_name":"Soil and Water Nutrient Dynamics","score":0.009499999694526196,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2304","display_name":"Environmental Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitrous-oxide-emissions","display_name":"nitrous oxide emissions","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methane-emissions","display_name":"methane emissions","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/top-down-constraints","display_name":"top-down constraints","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corn-belt","display_name":"Corn Belt","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-emissions","display_name":"agricultural emissions","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emission-inventory-validation","display_name":"emission inventory validation","score":0.3409999907016754}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777573673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905750","display_name":"Nitrous oxide","level":2,"score":0.9314488172531128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C516920438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37129","display_name":"Methane","level":2,"score":0.7970503568649292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776208129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30672844","display_name":"Methane emissions","level":3,"score":0.5488685369491577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5206674337387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.5200850367546082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.32743093371391296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.27437376976013184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1394665241241455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.070402592420578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:conservancy.umn.edu:11299/198400","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11299/198400","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11299/198400","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402521","display_name":"University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","host_organization_name":"University of Minnesota","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis or Dissertation"},{"id":"mag:3160589149","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/198400","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:conservancy.umn.edu:11299/198400","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11299/198400","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11299/198400","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402521","display_name":"University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","host_organization_name":"University of Minnesota","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis or Dissertation"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5351999998092651,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1026679911","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316892","funder_display_name":"UT-Battelle"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G121915436","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DEAC05- 00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1645119126","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G166562317","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05- 00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306250","funder_display_name":"Battelle"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1916861985","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"USDA-NIFA 2013-67019-21364","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1978823319","display_name":"Closing the Regional Ammonia and Nitrous Oxide Budgets of an Intensive Agricultural Region","funder_award_id":"1640337","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G203625172","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE--AC05--00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2411683797","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DEAC05- 00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2988778103","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05?","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3121793570","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337509","funder_display_name":"Biological and Environmental Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G313676650","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DEAC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316892","funder_display_name":"UT-Battelle"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3793736676","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2013\u201067019\u201021364","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G393689804","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4423657506","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338287","funder_display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G450780475","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE\u2010AC05\u201300OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337509","funder_display_name":"Biological and Environmental Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5726405315","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306250","funder_display_name":"Battelle"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5962014018","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NA13OAR4310086","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332181","funder_display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6139676266","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Contract DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G675320460","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338287","funder_display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7089634893","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2013-67019-21364","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7574572891","display_name":"WE PROPOSE A RESEARCH PROGRAM TO ADVANCE SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING AND PREDICTABILITY OF METHANE EMISSIONS FROM THE US CORN BELT AND UPPER MIDWEST. THIS REGION IS CRITICAL TO THE METHANE BUDGET AS ONE OF THE MOST INTENSIVELY MANAGED LANDSCAPES IN THE WORLD AND A GLOBAL HOTSPOT FOR CROP AND ANIMAL AGRICULTURE. IT ALSO INCLUDES SOME OF THE MOST WETLAND-RICH AREAS IN THE COTERMINOUS US  ALONG WITH MAJOR URBAN AND ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS. SEVERAL FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES PREVENT ACCURATE QUANTIFICATION OF METHANE SOURCES FROM THIS REGION  AND COMPROMISE PROJECTIONS OF HOW THOSE SOURCES MAY CHANGE. - WETLANDS ARE THE LARGEST SOURCE OF METHANE GLOBALLY  BUT CURRENT GLOBAL MODELS LACK A REALISTIC PROCESS-BASED TREATMENT OF THESE EMISSIONS AND FAIL TO CAPTURE THEIR SPATIAL EXTENT. - RIVERS AND STREAMS HAVE DEMONSTRATED ELEVATED METHANE EMISSIONS IN AGRICULTURAL REGIONS  BUT THIS PROCESS HAS NOT BEEN QUANTIFIED OR INTEGRATED INTO BOTTOM-UP INVENTORIES. - BOTTOM-UP INVENTORIES OF ANIMAL METHANE FLUXES ARE UNCERTAIN DUE TO SPARSE MEASUREMENTS AND LACK OF INFORMATION ON THE MAGNITUDE AND VARIABILITY OF DIFFERENT SOURCES (ENTERIC FERMENTATION IN DAIRY AND BEEF CATTLE  GRAZING VS. NON-GRAZING  SOLID VS. LIQUID MANURE STORAGE  ETC.). - HETEROGENEITY IN THE ABOVE SOURCES POSES A SCALING CHALLENGE. THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF WETLANDS  AGRICULTURE  AND OTHER ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES TO THE OVERALL METHANE BUDGET IS THUS POORLY KNOWN  POSING A BARRIER TO ANY MITIGATION PLANNING. THIS INTERDISCIPLINARY PROJECT WILL ADVANCE THE RESOLUTION OF THE ABOVE ISSUES. WE WILL COMBINE IN-SITU AND REMOTE SENSING  AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE  HYDROLOGY  AND MICROMETEOROLOGY WITH FORWARD AND INVERSE MODELING IN A MULTI-SCALE APPROACH TO ADDRESS THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: A) WHAT IS THE NET METHANE FLUX IN THE US CORN BELT AND UPPER MIDWEST? HOW DOES IT VARY SEASONALLY? B) WHAT ARE THE MAGNITUDES  SEASONALITIES  AND PROCESS CONTROLS ON METHANE FLUXES FROM WETLANDS  RIVERS  AND STREAMS? C) HOW MUCH METHANE IS EMITTED FROM ENTERIC FERMENTATION (BARN AND GRAZING CONDITIONS)  MANURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS  AND OTHER KEY COMPONENTS OF ANIMAL AGRICULTURE? D) WHAT IS THE CONTRIBUTION OF OTHER ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES TO THE REGIONAL METHANE BUDGET? SPECIFIC TASKS TO BE UNDERTAKEN INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: 1) ANALYSIS OF OUR ONGOING LONG-TERM WETLAND METHANE FLUX MEASUREMENTS  ASSOCIATED ECOLOGICAL DATA  AND NEW RIVER- AND STREAM-BASED OBSERVATIONS  TO QUANTIFY THE UNDERLYING HYDROLOGIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT DRIVE SEASONAL EMISSIONS. 2) NEW AGRICULTURAL MEASUREMENTS TO CONSTRAIN THE METHANE SOURCE FROM REPRESENTATIVE FACILITY TYPES FOR DAIRY AND BEEF CATTLE FARMS. 3) AIRBORNE MEASUREMENTS TO CHARACTERIZE THE REGIONAL METHANE DISTRIBUTION AND MAJOR SOURCES  INCLUDING WETLANDS  AGRICULTURE  AND OTHER ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES. 4) COUPLING OF SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING WITH ONGOING TALL TOWER MEASUREMENTS AND AIRBORNE DATA FROM TASK 3 IN A MULTI-PRONGED INVERSION FRAMEWORK TO INTEGRATE AND OPTIMIZE THE BOTTOM-UP METHANE SOURCE ESTIMATES DERIVED ABOVE. CONSTRAINTS FROM THIS WORK WILL ADVANCE KNOWLEDGE OF METHANE EMISSIONS FROM THIS UNDERSTUDIED REGION THAT IS CRUCIAL TO THE OVERALL US METHANE BUDGET. IT WILL ALSO INFORM OUR MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING OF THE METHANE SOURCE TYPES THAT ARE MOST IMPORTANT IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT. THE PROPOSED RESEARCH DIRECTLY ADDRESSES CENTRAL GOALS FOR THIS NASA SOLICITATION  INCLUDING  IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING OF THE PROCESSES  SOURCE TYPES  AND FLUXES RESPONSIBLE FOR NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC METHANE EMISSIONS AND EMISSION TRENDS    INTEGRATION OF TOP-DOWN AND BOTTOM-UP APPROACHES TO OBTAIN A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE PROCESSES CONTROLLING METHANE SOURCES   AND  ANALYTICAL APPROACHES FOR SEPARATING THE CONTRIBUTIONS AND POSSIBLE INTERACTIONS OF MANAGED VERSUS UNMANAGED ECOSYSTEMS TO OVERALL METHANE EMISSIONS. AS PRIORITIZED IN THE RFA  THE WORK MAKES SIGNIFICANT USE OF SPACE-BASED DATA ALONG WITH OTHER NASA-PRODUCED DATASETS.","funder_award_id":"NNX17AK18G","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7760019652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"67019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8269158468","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8906985441","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8943143067","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316892","funder_display_name":"UT-Battelle"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306250","display_name":"Battelle","ror":"https://ror.org/01h5tnr73"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316892","display_name":"UT-Battelle","ror":"https://ror.org/04nza6677"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332181","display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/02z5nhe81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/05qx3fv49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","display_name":"Office of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00mmn6b08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332605","display_name":"Agricultural Research Service","ror":"https://ror.org/02d2m2044"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337509","display_name":"Biological and Environmental Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0114b2m14"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338287","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3160589149.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3160589149.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":101,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1491591094","https://openalex.org/W1565753845","https://openalex.org/W1577747601","https://openalex.org/W1605996339","https://openalex.org/W1606385660","https://openalex.org/W1615875926","https://openalex.org/W1672771901","https://openalex.org/W1674967594","https://openalex.org/W1726239842","https://openalex.org/W1817410551","https://openalex.org/W1854026184","https://openalex.org/W1923433274","https://openalex.org/W1925514153","https://openalex.org/W1965091995","https://openalex.org/W1966758842","https://openalex.org/W1966901041","https://openalex.org/W1968644285","https://openalex.org/W1969939856","https://openalex.org/W1976242336","https://openalex.org/W1979520434","https://openalex.org/W1983075738","https://openalex.org/W1991873945","https://openalex.org/W1995209140","https://openalex.org/W1999296078","https://openalex.org/W2001653783","https://openalex.org/W2003912780","https://openalex.org/W2011228513","https://openalex.org/W2013111365","https://openalex.org/W2013309681","https://openalex.org/W2015032635","https://openalex.org/W2018579684","https://openalex.org/W2023404639","https://openalex.org/W2025024073","https://openalex.org/W2026963336","https://openalex.org/W2028979275","https://openalex.org/W2040146126","https://openalex.org/W2040812301","https://openalex.org/W2042834267","https://openalex.org/W2047443614","https://openalex.org/W2050393018","https://openalex.org/W2053150180","https://openalex.org/W2054635769","https://openalex.org/W2056007219","https://openalex.org/W2056755564","https://openalex.org/W2058522703","https://openalex.org/W2085632645","https://openalex.org/W2087662098","https://openalex.org/W2091195575","https://openalex.org/W2094156672","https://openalex.org/W2096174294","https://openalex.org/W2097004990","https://openalex.org/W2099613004","https://openalex.org/W2100256561","https://openalex.org/W2102235270","https://openalex.org/W2105287254","https://openalex.org/W2106735083","https://openalex.org/W2113507655","https://openalex.org/W2116986338","https://openalex.org/W2122199569","https://openalex.org/W2122449569","https://openalex.org/W2124610505","https://openalex.org/W2125040359","https://openalex.org/W2126232528","https://openalex.org/W2128225313","https://openalex.org/W2128612888","https://openalex.org/W2135731614","https://openalex.org/W2139206491","https://openalex.org/W2142982385","https://openalex.org/W2143085858","https://openalex.org/W2144668052","https://openalex.org/W2145411928","https://openalex.org/W2145651012","https://openalex.org/W2147648900","https://openalex.org/W2149739986","https://openalex.org/W2151181306","https://openalex.org/W2154610441","https://openalex.org/W2159513162","https://openalex.org/W2161482896","https://openalex.org/W2161717997","https://openalex.org/W2164150098","https://openalex.org/W2169867552","https://openalex.org/W2170385664","https://openalex.org/W2189992044","https://openalex.org/W2269393798","https://openalex.org/W2318239691","https://openalex.org/W2322373218","https://openalex.org/W2324798939","https://openalex.org/W2363590172","https://openalex.org/W2466880394","https://openalex.org/W2510671335","https://openalex.org/W2542966337","https://openalex.org/W2556131455","https://openalex.org/W2594512599","https://openalex.org/W2605421471","https://openalex.org/W2605993846","https://openalex.org/W2622992239","https://openalex.org/W2746881545","https://openalex.org/W2766780558","https://openalex.org/W2780941912","https://openalex.org/W2943619688","https://openalex.org/W2998512302"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3108126431","https://openalex.org/W2590717205","https://openalex.org/W7058614708","https://openalex.org/W3035101495","https://openalex.org/W7131224044","https://openalex.org/W3006588366","https://openalex.org/W7216837014","https://openalex.org/W3201132396","https://openalex.org/W3084699374","https://openalex.org/W2275862860"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"University":[0],"of":[1],"Minnesota":[2],"Ph.D.":[3],"dissertation.April":[4],"2018.":[5],"Major:":[6],"Land":[7],"and":[8],"Atmospheric":[9],"Science.":[10],"Advisor:":[11],"Timothy":[12],"Griffis.":[13],"1":[14],"computer":[15],"file":[16],"(PDF);":[17],"v,":[18],"129":[19],"pages.":[20]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2021-05-24T00:00:00"}