{"id":"https://openalex.org/W31589648","doi":null,"title":"Black and Irish Relations in Nineteenth Century Boston: The Interesting Case of Lawyer Robert Morris","display_name":"Black and Irish Relations in Nineteenth Century Boston: The Interesting Case of Lawyer Robert Morris","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W31589648","mag":"31589648"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:31589648","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-1678503581/black-and-irish-relations-in-nineteenth-century-boston","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764887662","display_name":"Historical journal of Massachusetts","issn_l":"0276-8313","issn":["0276-8313"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Historical journal of Massachusetts","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"William Leonard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3871-1671","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3871-1671"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"William Leonard","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3871-1671","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00817126,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"1","first_page":"65","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12765","display_name":"Race, History, and American Society","score":0.9520999789237976,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12765","display_name":"Race, History, and American Society","score":0.9520999789237976,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12144","display_name":"Colonialism, slavery, and trade","score":0.04600000008940697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12862","display_name":"Catholicism and Religious Studies","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robert-morris","display_name":"Robert Morris","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-american-lawyers","display_name":"African American lawyers","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abolitionism","display_name":"abolitionism","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/irish-catholics","display_name":"Irish Catholics","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fugitive-slaves","display_name":"fugitive slaves","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-desegregation","display_name":"school desegregation","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conversion-to-catholicism","display_name":"Catholic conversion","score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nineteenth-century-boston","display_name":"nineteenth-century Boston","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jesuit-education","display_name":"Jesuit education","score":0.335999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-american-history","display_name":"African American history","score":0.7940000295639038}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780623531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9142","display_name":"Irish","level":2,"score":0.7256436944007874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81631423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10859","display_name":"Spanish Civil War","level":2,"score":0.5561554431915283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.5390424728393555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778063847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4594605","display_name":"Magistrate","level":2,"score":0.4745759963989258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.4267515242099762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4220835268497467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1856936812400818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.11118161678314209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:31589648","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-1678503581/black-and-irish-relations-in-nineteenth-century-boston","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764887662","display_name":"Historical journal of Massachusetts","issn_l":"0276-8313","issn":["0276-8313"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Historical journal of Massachusetts","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4987473529","display_name":"Establishing Theoretical Foundations for Mathematical Modeling of Pathological Biosystems and its Applications to Personalized Medicine","funder_award_id":"15H05707","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2591708357","https://openalex.org/W7054819259","https://openalex.org/W2809423208","https://openalex.org/W7001917774","https://openalex.org/W7010262036","https://openalex.org/W3137439927","https://openalex.org/W2560335518","https://openalex.org/W4239269349","https://openalex.org/W2329444549","https://openalex.org/W4254306413"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract:":[0],"This":[1],"article":[2],"examines":[3],"the":[4,20,50,56,65,75,100,161,196,224,230,247,257,260,277,284,291,297,308,323,329,336,348,352,419,438,456,463,477,488,503,511,530,565,592,607,610,631,634],"life":[5],"of":[6,74,92,153,170,227,232,259,267,281,325,476,479,499,510,564,591,615,641],"Robert":[7,159],"Morris":[8,22,59,177,236,255,275,397,492,629],"(1823-82),":[9],"Boston's":[10,29,81,299,651],"first":[11,163],"African":[12,164,448,480,602],"American":[13,165,603],"lawyer":[14,166],"and":[15,32,69,96,105,167,179,220,237,262,276,293,331,372,413,421,443,450,482,487,513,518,524,537,588,600,612,617],"a":[16,45,130,141,151,168,200,381,387,409,429,494,585,642],"noted":[17],"abolitionist.":[18],"In":[19,405,490,502],"1850s":[21],"was":[23,123,134,148,187,202,434],"active":[24,72],"in":[25,67,80,125,135,246,264,283,290,369,380,393,403,432,484,497,578,605],"efforts":[26],"to":[27,61,102,174,189,343,347,427,454,516,535,552,574,583,622,633],"desegregate":[28],"public":[30],"schools":[31],"aid":[33],"fugitive":[34,131],"slaves.":[35],"His":[36,87],"law":[37,411],"practice":[38,412],"had":[39],"many":[40,498],"Irish":[41,66,94,106,300,422,451,483,512,533,546,611,653],"Catholic":[42,301,382,388,654],"clients":[43,95],"at":[44,256,314,400],"time":[46],"when":[47],"relations":[48,557,577],"between":[49,406,462,468,609],"two":[51,464,470,593],"groups":[52,471],"were":[53,240,279,452,558],"poor.":[54],"After":[55],"Civil":[57],"War,":[58],"converted":[60,426],"Catholicism,":[62,428,553],"dominated":[63,436],"by":[64,137,150,158,207,386,437],"Boston,":[68,126,491,616],"became":[70],"an":[71,473],"member":[73],"Jesuit-run":[76],"Immaculate":[77],"Conception":[78],"church":[79],"South":[82,350],"End":[83,226],"until":[84],"his":[85,93,97,288,294,401,508,550,618],"death.":[86],"legal":[88,541],"work":[89],"on":[90,269,328],"behalf":[91],"conversion":[98,444,551,621],"suggest":[99,445],"need":[101,573],"reexamine":[103,575],"black":[104,155,233,420,519,613,643],"relationships":[107],"during":[108],"this":[109],"period.":[110],"On":[111],"Saturday":[112],"morning,":[113],"February":[114],"15,":[115],"1851,":[116],"Frederick":[117],"Wilkins,":[118],"better":[119,358],"known":[120],"as":[181],"Shadrach,":[122,214],"arrested":[124,242],"charged":[127],"with":[128,527,549],"being":[129],"slave.":[132],"He":[133,192,424],"custody":[136],"noon":[138],"appearing":[139],"before":[140],"federal":[142],"magistrate.":[143],"By":[144],"2:00":[145],"p.m.":[146],"Shadrach":[147,268],"freed":[149],"group":[152],"mostly":[154],"Bostoniane":[156,234],"led":[157],"Morris,":[160],"city's":[162],"resident":[169],"nearby":[171],"Chelsea.":[172],"According":[173],"those":[175],"present,":[176],"chuckled":[178],"smiled":[180],"if":[182,580],"something":[183],"pleasing":[184],"or":[185,210,345,384,648],"funny":[186],"about":[188],"take":[190],"place.":[191],"then":[193],"disappeared":[194],"from":[195,217],"room.":[197],"Moments":[198],"later,":[199,392],"door":[201],"thrown":[203],"open,":[204],"most":[205,563],"likely":[206],"Morris.":[208,304],"Thirty":[209],"forty":[211],"people":[212],"seized":[213],"removed":[215],"him":[216,222],"me":[218,265],"courthouse,":[219],"spirited":[221],"toward":[223],"West":[225],"Boston":[228,433,486,579],"where":[229,375],"majority":[231],"lived.":[235],"several":[238,252],"others":[239,278],"quickly":[241],"for":[243],"their":[244,250,514],"part":[245,289,368,475],"release.1":[248],"At":[249,595],"trial,":[251],"witnesses":[253],"placed":[254],"scene":[258],"rescue":[261],"subsequently":[263],"company":[266],"Southac":[270],"Street.":[271],"Despite":[272],"these":[273,469,500],"testimonies,":[274],"acquitted":[280],"aiding":[282],"daring":[285],"rescue.2":[286],"For":[287],"plot":[292],"abolitionist":[295],"activities,":[296],"Pilot,":[298],"newspaper,":[302],"vilified":[303],"The":[305,360,466],"paper":[306],"called":[307],"conspirators":[309],"deluded":[310],"blacks":[355],"who":[312],"laughed":[313],"our":[315,319],"city":[316],"government,":[317],"bullied":[318],"U.S.":[320],"officers,":[321],"nullified":[322],"laws":[324],"Congress,":[326],"trampled":[327],"Constitution,":[330],"erected":[332],"themselves":[333],"into":[334,650],"we,":[335],"de":[337],"facto":[338],"government.":[339],"It":[340],"urged":[341],"emigration":[342],"Africa":[344],"even":[346,525],"slave-holding":[349],"where,":[351],"Pilot":[353],"felt,":[354],"would":[356],"be":[357],"off.":[359],"newspaper":[361],"also":[362,425],"proudly":[363],"noted,":[364],"Catholics":[365],"have":[366,584],"no":[374],"it":[370],"[abolition]":[371],"that":[373],"has":[376,567],"treason":[377],"been":[378],"preached":[379],"journal":[383],"praised":[385],"speaker.3":[389],"Thirty-one":[390],"years":[391],"1":[394],"8":[395],"82,":[396],"died":[398],"quietly":[399],"home":[402],"Boston.":[404],"he":[407,505],"enjoyed":[408],"successful":[410],"earned":[414],"considerable":[415],"notoriety":[416],"within":[417],"both":[418,485],"communities.":[423],"faith":[430],"which":[431,459,543],"overwhelmingly":[435],"Irish.":[439],"Morris'":[440,540,570],"life,":[441,571],"career,":[442,542],"mat":[446,555],"some":[447,532],"Americans":[449,481],"able":[453],"overcome":[455],"mutual":[457],"animosity":[458],"usually":[460],"existed":[461],"groups.":[465,594],"conflicts":[467],"are":[472,582,637],"integral":[474],"histories":[478],"nation.4":[489],"played":[493],"prominent":[495],"role":[496],"events.":[501],"end,":[504],"put":[506],"aside":[507],"distrust":[509],"opposition":[515],"abolition":[517],"civil":[520],"rights,":[521],"eventually":[522],"working":[523],"worshipping":[526],"them.":[528],"Over":[529],"years,":[531],"grew":[534],"accept":[536],"respect":[538],"him.":[539],"depended":[544],"upon":[545],"clients,":[547],"along":[548],"suggests":[554],"black/Irish":[556,576],"not":[559],"strained":[561],"research":[566],"suggested.":[568],"Given":[569],"we":[572,581],"more":[586],"complete":[587],"nuanced":[589],"history":[590],"least":[596],"one":[597],"educated,":[598],"successful,":[599],"middle-class":[601],"succeeded":[604],"bridging":[606],"gap":[608],"communities":[614],"post-Civil":[619],"War":[620],"Catholicism":[623],"only":[624],"deepened":[625],"mis":[626],"bond.":[627],"Nevertheless,":[628],"remains":[630],"exception":[632],"rule.":[635],"There":[636],"other":[639],"examples":[640],"professional":[644],"making":[645],"such":[646],"inroads":[647],"connections":[649],"nineteenth-century,":[652],"community.":[655],"\u2026":[656]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}