{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3158219704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629984","title":"An End-to-End and Accurate PPG-based Respiratory Rate Estimation Approach Using Cycle Generative Adversarial Networks","display_name":"An End-to-End and Accurate PPG-based Respiratory Rate Estimation Approach Using Cycle Generative Adversarial Networks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3158219704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629984","mag":"3158219704","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34891398"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629984","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608786","display_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":"2375-7477","issn":["2375-7477"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.00594","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024249353","display_name":"Seyed Amir Hossein Aqajari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1747-6980","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1747-6980"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seyed Amir Hossein Aqajari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Rui Cao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052446318","display_name":"Amir Hosein Afandizadeh Zargari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5797-3215","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5797-3215"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Hosein Afandizadeh Zargari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042140592","display_name":"Amir M. Rahmani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0725-1155","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0725-1155","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9453-6118"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir M. Rahmani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA","Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA","Institute for Future Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Future Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.2697,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98359519,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":null,"first_page":"744","last_page":"747"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/respiratory-rate-estimation","display_name":"respiratory rate estimation","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoplethysmography","display_name":"photoplethysmography","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cycle-generative-adversarial-network","display_name":"cycle generative adversarial network","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-devices","display_name":"wearable devices","score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-patient-monitoring","display_name":"remote patient monitoring","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-to-end-deep-learning","display_name":"end-to-end deep learning","score":0.8659999966621399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7729994058609009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.5435483455657959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5277284383773804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116390426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187885","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","level":3,"score":0.5132772922515869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122383733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865920","display_name":"Approximation error","level":2,"score":0.4481286108493805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74296488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2527392","display_name":"End-to-end principle","level":2,"score":0.41215625405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.39943915605545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.328313410282135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2113858163356781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1484612226486206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012119","descriptor_name":"Respiration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D056152","descriptor_name":"Respiratory Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629984","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608786","display_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":"2375-7477","issn":["2375-7477"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:34891398","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34891398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2105.00594","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2105.00594","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.00594","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2105.00594","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2105.00594","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2105.00594","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2105.00594","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2105.00594","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.00594","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9074000120162964,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3158219704.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3158219704.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1585796316","https://openalex.org/W1710476689","https://openalex.org/W2083872334","https://openalex.org/W2097721391","https://openalex.org/W2114950466","https://openalex.org/W2124106073","https://openalex.org/W2165970926","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2327960307","https://openalex.org/W2331128040","https://openalex.org/W2339754110","https://openalex.org/W2552408385","https://openalex.org/W2552465644","https://openalex.org/W2760212863","https://openalex.org/W2776923905","https://openalex.org/W2803082824","https://openalex.org/W2803927209","https://openalex.org/W2834248954","https://openalex.org/W2939797706","https://openalex.org/W2962793481","https://openalex.org/W2963470893","https://openalex.org/W3082052804","https://openalex.org/W3091441626","https://openalex.org/W3096831136","https://openalex.org/W3106327490","https://openalex.org/W3109448006","https://openalex.org/W3151498753","https://openalex.org/W3175951349","https://openalex.org/W4238631563","https://openalex.org/W4298289240","https://openalex.org/W6911385472"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7135167250","https://openalex.org/W3082052804","https://openalex.org/W4306362106","https://openalex.org/W4387781079","https://openalex.org/W4415303604","https://openalex.org/W4364322563","https://openalex.org/W3182487637","https://openalex.org/W4408355823","https://openalex.org/W7134135101","https://openalex.org/W2465610958"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Respiratory":[0],"rate":[1],"(RR)":[2],"is":[3,14,108],"a":[4,36,146,170,182],"clinical":[5],"sign":[6,18],"representing":[7],"ventilation.":[8],"An":[9,90],"abnormal":[10],"change":[11],"in":[12,39,44,73],"RR":[13,43,64,78,127,148,186],"often":[15],"the":[16,23,68,103,112,167],"first":[17],"of":[19,42,70,105,151,158],"health":[20],"deterioration":[21],"as":[22],"body":[24],"attempts":[25],"to":[26,30,67,135,153,166],"maintain":[27],"oxygen":[28],"delivery":[29],"its":[31,100],"tissues.":[32],"There":[33],"has":[34,48],"been":[35],"growing":[37],"interest":[38],"remotely":[40],"monitoring":[41,52],"everyday":[45],"settings":[46],"which":[47],"made":[49],"photoplethysmography":[50],"(PPG)":[51],"wearable":[53],"devices":[54],"an":[55,121],"attractive":[56],"choice.":[57],"PPG":[58,141,190],"signals":[59,138],"are":[60],"useful":[61],"sources":[62],"for":[63,126,185],"extraction":[65],"due":[66],"presence":[69],"respiration-induced":[71],"modulations":[72],"them.":[74],"The":[75],"existing":[76],"PPG-based":[77],"estimation":[79,128,149,187],"methods":[80],"mainly":[81],"rely":[82],"on":[83],"hand-crafted":[84],"rules":[85],"and":[86,123],"manual":[87],"parameters":[88],"tuning.":[89],"end-to-end":[91,122],"deep":[92],"learning":[93],"approach":[94],"was":[95],"recently":[96],"proposed,":[97],"however,":[98],"despite":[99],"automatic":[101],"nature,":[102],"performance":[104],"this":[106,117],"method":[107,184],"not":[109],"ideal":[110],"using":[111,129,160,169],"real":[113],"world":[114],"data.":[115],"In":[116],"paper,":[118],"we":[119],"present":[120],"accurate":[124],"pipeline":[125],"Cycle":[130],"Generative":[131],"Adversarial":[132],"Networks":[133],"(CycleGAN)":[134],"reconstruct":[136],"respiratory":[137],"from":[139,188],"raw":[140,189],"signals.":[142,191],"Our":[143,175],"results":[144,176],"demonstrate":[145],"higher":[147],"accuracy":[150],"up":[152],"2\u00d7":[154],"(mean":[155],"absolute":[156],"error":[157],"1.9\u00b10.3":[159],"five":[161],"fold":[162],"cross":[163],"validation)":[164],"compared":[165],"state-of-th-art":[168],"identical":[171],"publicly":[172],"available":[173],"dataset.":[174],"suggest":[177],"that":[178],"CycleGAN":[179],"can":[180],"be":[181],"valuable":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2021-05-10T00:00:00"}
