{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3157459010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32604/jihpp.2021.016835","title":"Survey on the Loss Function of Deep Learning in Face Recognition","display_name":"Survey on the Loss Function of Deep Learning in Face Recognition","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3157459010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32604/jihpp.2021.016835","mag":"3157459010"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.32604/jihpp.2021.016835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32604/jihpp.2021.016835","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32604/jihpp.2021.016835","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183694","display_name":"Journal of Information Hiding and Privacy Protection","issn_l":"2637-4226","issn":["2637-4226","2637-4234"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Information Hiding and Privacy Protection","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.32604/jihpp.2021.016835","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084169778","display_name":"Jun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0064-3551","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0064-3551","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1169-3071","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2755-7031","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9115-3755","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5785-3626"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["CN","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Director of Science and Technology Industry Department, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China 2 School of Computer & Software, Jiangsu Engineering Center of Network Monitoring, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China 3 Science and Technology Industry Department, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China 4 Deptratment of Computer Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Director of Science and Technology Industry Department, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China 2 School of Computer & Software, Jiangsu Engineering Center of Network Monitoring, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China 3 Science and Technology Industry Department, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China 4 Deptratment of Computer Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125","https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076977047","display_name":"Suncheng Feng","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["CN","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suncheng Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Director of Science and Technology Industry Department, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China 2 School of Computer & Software, Jiangsu Engineering Center of Network Monitoring, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China 3 Science and Technology Industry Department, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China 4 Deptratment of Computer Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Director of Science and Technology Industry Department, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China 2 School of Computer & Software, Jiangsu Engineering Center of Network Monitoring, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China 3 Science and Technology Industry Department, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China 4 Deptratment of Computer Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125","https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101535092","display_name":"Yong Jun Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8755-9648","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8755-9648"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["CN","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Director of Science and Technology Industry Department, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China 2 School of Computer & Software, Jiangsu Engineering Center of Network Monitoring, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China 3 Science and Technology Industry Department, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China 4 Deptratment of Computer Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Director of Science and Technology Industry Department, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China 2 School of Computer & Software, Jiangsu Engineering Center of Network Monitoring, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China 3 Science and Technology Industry Department, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China 4 Deptratment of Computer Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125","https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077894845","display_name":"Najla Al-Nabhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0805-1721","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0805-1721"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["CN","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Najla Al-Nabhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Director of Science and Technology Industry Department, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China 2 School of Computer & Software, Jiangsu Engineering Center of Network Monitoring, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China 3 Science and Technology Industry Department, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China 4 Deptratment of Computer Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Director of Science and Technology Industry Department, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China 2 School of Computer & Software, Jiangsu Engineering Center of Network Monitoring, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China 3 Science and Technology Industry Department, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China 4 Deptratment of Computer Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125","https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.45,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5748702,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"1","first_page":"29","last_page":"45"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.01600000075995922,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-recognition","display_name":"face recognition","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loss-functions","display_name":"loss functions","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/triplet-loss","display_name":"triplet loss","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/angular-margin-loss","display_name":"angular margin loss","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intra-class-distance","display_name":"intra-class distance","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inter-class-distance","display_name":"inter-class distance","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint-optimization","display_name":"joint optimization","score":0.47200000286102295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5648295283317566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5594484806060791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5584911108016968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105951970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1036748","display_name":"Loss function","level":4,"score":0.5295996069908142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.43838247656822205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90327742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947396","display_name":"Insertion loss","level":2,"score":0.43811365962028503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.4357995390892029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3434116244316101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.18118524551391602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13128095865249634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127716648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104053","display_name":"Phenotype","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.32604/jihpp.2021.016835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32604/jihpp.2021.016835","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32604/jihpp.2021.016835","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183694","display_name":"Journal of Information Hiding and Privacy Protection","issn_l":"2637-4226","issn":["2637-4226","2637-4234"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Information Hiding and Privacy Protection","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.32604/jihpp.2021.016835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32604/jihpp.2021.016835","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32604/jihpp.2021.016835","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183694","display_name":"Journal of Information Hiding and Privacy Protection","issn_l":"2637-4226","issn":["2637-4226","2637-4234"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Information Hiding and Privacy Protection","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210985445","https://openalex.org/W3211202400","https://openalex.org/W3005311408","https://openalex.org/W2990712505","https://openalex.org/W4293414471","https://openalex.org/W3134720702","https://openalex.org/W4410145308","https://openalex.org/W3105654374","https://openalex.org/W4414069984","https://openalex.org/W2911062748"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,8,31,36,61,71,101,109],"continuous":[2],"development":[3],"of":[4,10,24,42,86],"face":[5,25],"recognition":[6,26],"network,":[7],"selection":[9],"loss":[11,22,45,63,72,81,114],"function":[12,23,46],"plays":[13],"an":[14],"increasingly":[15],"important":[16],"role":[17],"in":[18],"improving":[19],"accuracy.":[20],"The":[21,65,77],"network":[27],"needs":[28],"to":[29,50,58,68],"minimize":[30],"intra-class":[32],"distance":[33],"while":[34],"expanding":[35],"inter-class":[37],"distance.":[38],"So":[39],"far,":[40],"one":[41],"our":[43],"mainstream":[44],"optimization":[47,88,111],"methods":[48,103],"is":[49,67,79],"add":[51],"penalty":[52],"terms,":[53],"such":[54],"as":[55],"orthogonal":[56],"loss,":[57],"further":[59],"constrain":[60],"original":[62],"function.":[64],"other":[66],"optimize":[69],"using":[70],"based":[73,89,99],"on":[74,90,100],"angular/cosine":[75],"margin.":[76],"last":[78],"Triplet":[80],"and":[82,93,108],"a":[83],"new":[84],"type":[85],"joint":[87,110],"HST":[91],"Loss":[92],"ACT":[94],"Loss.":[95],"In":[96],"this":[97],"paper,":[98],"three":[102],"with":[104],"good":[105],"practical":[106],"performance":[107],"method,":[112],"various":[113],"functions":[115],"are":[116],"thoroughly":[117],"reviewed.":[118]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-18T09:31:52.927876","created_date":"2021-05-10T00:00:00"}