{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3156561237","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009500","title":"The SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronavirus spike proteins are fine-tuned towards temperature and proteases of the human airways","display_name":"The SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronavirus spike proteins are fine-tuned towards temperature and proteases of the human airways","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3156561237","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009500","mag":"3156561237","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33886690","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8061995"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009500","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009500","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009500","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1009500&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2004986","display_name":"PLoS Pathogens","issn_l":"1553-7366","issn":["1553-7366","1553-7374"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS Pathogens","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1009500&type=printable","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Manon Laporte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5708-1321","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5708-1321"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manon Laporte","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5708-1321","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086178276","display_name":"Valerie Raeymaekers","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valerie Raeymaekers","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040353932","display_name":"Ria Van Berwaer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ria Van Berwaer","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006449454","display_name":"Julie Vandeput","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3554-1088","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3554-1088"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julie Vandeput","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029745757","display_name":"Isabel Marchand-Casas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0754-6797","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0754-6797"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isabel Marchand-Casas","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0754-6797","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065326116","display_name":"Hendrik Jan Thibaut","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5785-8276","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5785-8276"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24156275","display_name":"Rega Institute for Medical Research","ror":"https://ror.org/03w5j8p12","country_code":"BE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24156275"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405271793","display_name":"Rega Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/032ckrb66","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405271793"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hendrik-Jan Thibaut","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium","KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Translational Platform Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5785-8276","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Translational Platform Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24156275","https://openalex.org/I4405271793","https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030041873","display_name":"Dominique Van Looveren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6439-3753","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6439-3753"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24156275","display_name":"Rega Institute for Medical Research","ror":"https://ror.org/03w5j8p12","country_code":"BE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24156275"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405271793","display_name":"Rega Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/032ckrb66","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405271793"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dominique Van Looveren","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium","KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Translational Platform Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6439-3753","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Translational Platform Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24156275","https://openalex.org/I4405271793","https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089443235","display_name":"Katleen Martens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8741-8252","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8741-8252"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katleen Martens","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Unit, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8741-8252","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Unit, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019620317","display_name":"Markus Hoffmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4603-7696","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4603-7696"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801496451","display_name":"German Primate Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02f99v835","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801496451","https://openalex.org/I315704651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74656192","display_name":"University of G\u00f6ttingen","ror":"https://ror.org/01y9bpm73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74656192"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus Hoffmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Infection Biology Unit, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany","University G\u00f6ttingen, Faculty of Biology and Psychology, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4603-7696","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Infection Biology Unit, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801496451"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University G\u00f6ttingen, Faculty of Biology and Psychology, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74656192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008139614","display_name":"Piet Maes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4571-5232","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4571-5232"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24156275","display_name":"Rega Institute for Medical Research","ror":"https://ror.org/03w5j8p12","country_code":"BE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24156275"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Piet Maes","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4571-5232","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24156275","https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004595481","display_name":"Stefan P\u00f6hlmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6086-9136","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6086-9136"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801496451","display_name":"German Primate Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02f99v835","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801496451","https://openalex.org/I315704651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74656192","display_name":"University of G\u00f6ttingen","ror":"https://ror.org/01y9bpm73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74656192"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan P\u00f6hlmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Infection Biology Unit, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany","University G\u00f6ttingen, Faculty of Biology and Psychology, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6086-9136","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Infection Biology Unit, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801496451"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University G\u00f6ttingen, Faculty of Biology and Psychology, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74656192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081640914","display_name":"Lieve M. J. Naesens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9742-9302","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9742-9302"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lieve Naesens","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9742-9302","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057681649","display_name":"Annelies Stevaert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3316-2826","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3316-2826"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Annelies Stevaert","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3316-2826","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081640914"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"apc_list":{"value":2575,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2575},"apc_paid":{"value":2575,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2575},"fwci":8.8458,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":126,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98275287,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"4","first_page":"e1009500","last_page":"e1009500"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10118","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10118","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11495","display_name":"Animal Virus Infections Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10041","display_name":"COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sars-cov-2-spike-protein","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 spike protein","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-spike-protein","display_name":"coronavirus spike protein","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-preference","display_name":"thermal preference","score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tmprss2","display_name":"TMPRSS2","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/d614g-mutation","display_name":"D614G mutation","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/airway-epithelial-cells","display_name":"airway epithelial cells","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virus-transmission","display_name":"virus transmission","score":0.503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sars-cov-1","display_name":"SARS-CoV-1","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mers-cov","display_name":"MERS-CoV","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hcov-229e","display_name":"HCoV-229E","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudoparticles","display_name":"pseudoparticles","score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cell-tropism","display_name":"cell tropism","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.6549999713897705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182220744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251226","display_name":"Proteases","level":3,"score":0.7730408906936646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777648638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57751738","display_name":"Coronavirus","level":5,"score":0.7460203170776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.6130078434944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5751439332962036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35693153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q239762","display_name":"Tropism","level":3,"score":0.5514451861381531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777265534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14916427","display_name":"Furin","level":3,"score":0.5465589761734009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58475186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4118894","display_name":"Viral entry","level":4,"score":0.5382720232009888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780034444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5052485","display_name":"Cathepsin L","level":4,"score":0.5346077680587769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140704245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3933202","display_name":"Viral replication","level":3,"score":0.5139657855033875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522874641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808","display_name":"Virus","level":2,"score":0.4945521056652069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776714187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212410","display_name":"Protease","level":3,"score":0.48883718252182007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181199279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8047","display_name":"Enzyme","level":2,"score":0.18352600932121277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.1250033974647522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.1014881432056427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000635","qualifier_name":"transmission","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086402","descriptor_name":"SARS-CoV-2","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008565","descriptor_name":"Membrane Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010447","descriptor_name":"Peptide Hydrolases","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012137","descriptor_name":"Respiratory System","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012137","descriptor_name":"Respiratory System","qualifier_ui":"Q000821","qualifier_name":"virology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012697","descriptor_name":"Serine Endopeptidases","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013696","descriptor_name":"Temperature","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014779","descriptor_name":"Virus Replication","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D028941","descriptor_name":"Coronavirus 229E, Human","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D045683","descriptor_name":"Furin","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D053586","descriptor_name":"Virus Internalization","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D064370","descriptor_name":"Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D064370","descriptor_name":"Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D065207","descriptor_name":"Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009500","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009500","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009500","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1009500&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2004986","display_name":"PLoS Pathogens","issn_l":"1553-7366","issn":["1553-7366","1553-7374"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS Pathogens","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1101/2020.11.09.374603","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.09.374603","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.09.374603","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2020/11/09/2020.11.09.374603.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmid:33886690","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33886690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS pathogens","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8061995","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8061995/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS Pathog","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:123456789/676913","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/676913","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401954","display_name":"Lirias (KU Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:123456789/676916","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/676916","pdf_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/676916/3/LAPORTE-%20PLOS%20Pathogens%202021-final.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055369","display_name":"Lirias","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Plos Pathogens, vol. 17 (4), Art.No. e1009500","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2bc3d90380d249a3aa02f9334a1946a2","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2bc3d90380d249a3aa02f9334a1946a2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS Pathogens, Vol 17, Iss 4, p e1009500 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009500","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009500","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009500","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1009500&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2004986","display_name":"PLoS Pathogens","issn_l":"1553-7366","issn":["1553-7366","1553-7374"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS Pathogens","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.6240000128746033,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G228497844","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201832-30","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310701","funder_display_name":"Fundaci\u00f3 la Marat\u00f3 de TV3"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3985696018","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZW13-02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4103011049","display_name":"Corona Accelerated R&D in Europe","funder_award_id":"101005077","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5033194471","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZW13-02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","funder_display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5409925101","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101005077","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326631","funder_display_name":"Innovative Medicines Initiative"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6734492950","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201832","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310701","funder_display_name":"Fundaci\u00f3 la Marat\u00f3 de TV3"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7190114207","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZW13\u221202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327651","funder_display_name":"Herculesstichting"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310701","display_name":"Fundaci\u00f3 la Marat\u00f3 de TV3","ror":"https://ror.org/00t5xc355"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/03qtxy027"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326631","display_name":"Innovative Medicines Initiative","ror":"https://ror.org/019af4n30"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327651","display_name":"Herculesstichting","ror":"https://ror.org/04at1ex44"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3156561237.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3156561237.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":106,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1481516463","https://openalex.org/W1546689286","https://openalex.org/W1953988520","https://openalex.org/W1965435260","https://openalex.org/W1967814129","https://openalex.org/W1976400886","https://openalex.org/W2000649803","https://openalex.org/W2003471175","https://openalex.org/W2005951184","https://openalex.org/W2006286994","https://openalex.org/W2008811126","https://openalex.org/W2048924410","https://openalex.org/W2064076043","https://openalex.org/W2067258489","https://openalex.org/W2071688420","https://openalex.org/W2085107912","https://openalex.org/W2085887280","https://openalex.org/W2086155380","https://openalex.org/W2086493164","https://openalex.org/W2086707143","https://openalex.org/W2098086455","https://openalex.org/W2101506295","https://openalex.org/W2104474203","https://openalex.org/W2105149323","https://openalex.org/W2122324926","https://openalex.org/W2129139575","https://openalex.org/W2131643524","https://openalex.org/W2142481964","https://openalex.org/W2146374988","https://openalex.org/W2256756668","https://openalex.org/W2470646526","https://openalex.org/W2513547424","https://openalex.org/W2531018947","https://openalex.org/W2531157227","https://openalex.org/W2586093485","https://openalex.org/W2605343262","https://openalex.org/W2605692774","https://openalex.org/W2734953507","https://openalex.org/W2801022703","https://openalex.org/W2803852489","https://openalex.org/W2804822363","https://openalex.org/W2834670695","https://openalex.org/W2899885689","https://openalex.org/W2909787042","https://openalex.org/W2928128271","https://openalex.org/W2978622498","https://openalex.org/W3001118548","https://openalex.org/W3001465255","https://openalex.org/W3002515794","https://openalex.org/W3005409321","https://openalex.org/W3006961006","https://openalex.org/W3009912996","https://openalex.org/W3011483298","https://openalex.org/W3013893137","https://openalex.org/W3014912119","https://openalex.org/W3016591679","https://openalex.org/W3016655948","https://openalex.org/W3017302293","https://openalex.org/W3022435472","https://openalex.org/W3030748957","https://openalex.org/W3031272153","https://openalex.org/W3033379609","https://openalex.org/W3034961138","https://openalex.org/W3036025256","https://openalex.org/W3036391214","https://openalex.org/W3038128420","https://openalex.org/W3039352801","https://openalex.org/W3039901154","https://openalex.org/W3040035440","https://openalex.org/W3040801746","https://openalex.org/W3041603492","https://openalex.org/W3042099287","https://openalex.org/W3043391491","https://openalex.org/W3044321933","https://openalex.org/W3076903051","https://openalex.org/W3081204841","https://openalex.org/W3084653951","https://openalex.org/W3093768302","https://openalex.org/W3096712778","https://openalex.org/W3097680689","https://openalex.org/W3098697637","https://openalex.org/W3101992496","https://openalex.org/W3102514450","https://openalex.org/W3107112434","https://openalex.org/W3109000880","https://openalex.org/W3109457440","https://openalex.org/W3114507428","https://openalex.org/W3122148095","https://openalex.org/W3122289283","https://openalex.org/W3124805424","https://openalex.org/W3125942575","https://openalex.org/W3128276018","https://openalex.org/W3128335178","https://openalex.org/W3129126893","https://openalex.org/W3129399011","https://openalex.org/W3133812656","https://openalex.org/W3133867767","https://openalex.org/W3145658842","https://openalex.org/W3149137063","https://openalex.org/W3155947379","https://openalex.org/W3159140204","https://openalex.org/W3184954235","https://openalex.org/W4205392594","https://openalex.org/W4255559572","https://openalex.org/W4297744082","https://openalex.org/W6784580374"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4297476637","https://openalex.org/W4392190424","https://openalex.org/W4210778508","https://openalex.org/W3130155688","https://openalex.org/W4289339615","https://openalex.org/W2101506295","https://openalex.org/W4386470994","https://openalex.org/W3200289956","https://openalex.org/W3128529532","https://openalex.org/W4211045109"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"high":[1],"transmissibility":[2],"of":[3,31,59,79,88,99,134,143,165,173,193,220,235,287],"SARS-CoV-2":[4,68,211],"is":[5,15,197,278],"related":[6],"to":[7,263,280,290],"abundant":[8],"replication":[9],"in":[10,105,140,178,200],"the":[11,19,32,39,42,47,57,60,67,85,96,111,126,131,141,154,159,174,181,207,221,254,259,274,282,288],"upper":[12,61],"airways,":[13,289],"which":[14,37,179],"not":[16,121,158],"observed":[17],"for":[18,110,153,239],"other":[20],"highly":[21],"pathogenic":[22,161],"coronaviruses":[23,156],"SARS-CoV":[24,100],"and":[25,101,185,233,284,294],"MERS-CoV.":[26],"We":[27],"here":[28],"reveal":[29,270],"features":[30],"coronavirus":[33,275],"spike":[34,69,151,244,276],"(S)":[35],"protein,":[36],"optimize":[38],"virus":[40,108,145,240,248,292],"towards":[41],"human":[43],"respiratory":[44],"tract.":[45],"First,":[46],"S":[48,86,97,230],"proteins":[49,98],"exhibit":[50],"an":[51,149],"intrinsic":[52],"temperature":[53,58,283],"preference,":[54],"corresponding":[55],"with":[56,84,107],"or":[62],"lower":[63,112],"airways.":[64,113],"Pseudoviruses":[65],"bearing":[66],"(SARS-2-S)":[70],"were":[71],"more":[72],"infectious":[73],"when":[74],"produced":[75],"at":[76,214],"33\u00b0C":[77],"instead":[78],"37\u00b0C,":[80,104,215],"a":[81,90,227],"property":[82],"shared":[83],"protein":[87,231,277],"HCoV-229E,":[89],"common":[91],"cold":[92],"coronavirus.":[93],"In":[94],"contrast,":[95],"MERS-CoV":[102],"favored":[103],"accordance":[106],"preference":[109],"Next,":[114],"SARS-2-S-driven":[115],"entry":[116,192],"was":[117],"efficiently":[118],"activated":[119],"by":[120,167],"only":[122],"TMPRSS2,":[123],"but":[124,157],"also":[125],"TMPRSS13":[127,147],"protease,":[128],"thus":[129],"broadening":[130],"cell":[132],"tropism":[133],"SARS-CoV-2.":[135],"Both":[136],"proteases":[137,170],"proved":[138,189],"relevant":[139],"context":[142],"authentic":[144],"replication.":[146],"appeared":[148],"effective":[150],"activator":[152],"virulent":[155],"low":[160],"HCoV-229E":[162],"virus.":[163],"Activation":[164],"SARS-2-S":[166],"these":[168,243],"surface":[169],"requires":[171],"processing":[172],"S1/S2":[175],"cleavage":[176],"loop,":[177],"both":[180],"furin":[182],"recognition":[183],"motif":[184],"extended":[186],"loop":[187,194],"length":[188],"critical.":[190],"Conversely,":[191],"deletion":[195],"mutants":[196],"significantly":[198],"increased":[199],"cathepsin-rich":[201],"cells.":[202],"Finally,":[203],"we":[204],"demonstrate":[205],"that":[206],"D614G":[208],"mutation":[209],"increases":[210],"stability,":[212],"particularly":[213],"and,":[216],"enhances":[217],"its":[218],"use":[219],"cathepsin":[222],"L":[223],"pathway.":[224],"This":[225],"indicates":[226],"link":[228],"between":[229],"stability":[232],"usage":[234],"this":[236],"alternative":[237],"route":[238],"entry.":[241],"Since":[242],"properties":[245],"may":[246],"promote":[247],"spread,":[249],"they":[250],"potentially":[251],"explain":[252],"why":[253],"spike-G614":[255],"variant":[256,262],"has":[257],"replaced":[258],"early":[260],"D614":[261],"become":[264],"globally":[265],"predominant.":[266],"Collectively,":[267],"our":[268],"findings":[269],"adaptive":[271],"mechanisms":[272],"whereby":[273],"adjusted":[279],"match":[281],"protease":[285],"conditions":[286],"enhance":[291],"transmission":[293],"pathology.":[295]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":24}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2021-04-26T00:00:00"}